陇中黄土高原LAS在非均匀下垫面的观测优势及其在区域陆面模式验证中的初步应用

目前通用的通量观测技术涡动相关仪（EC）在区域陆面模式验证中存在能量不闭合和空间代表性有限的问题,寻求改进EC观测热通量的新技术是提高陆面模式验证效果的关键环节,大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的出现有效改善了这一现状。基于黄土高原定西站2010年1月和6月的同步综合观测资料以及目前比较有代表性的陆面过程模式CLM的模拟数据,分析研究了LAS对EC观测地表能量不平衡问题的改进以及LAS对EC在区域陆面模式验证中的提高,结果表明：LAS可有效解决EC观测存在的地表能量不平衡问题,提高EC的地表能量闭合度,在非均匀下垫面LAS观测优势突出;利用LAS观测的感热通量进行区域陆面模式的验证,能够很大程度地避免EC能量不闭合和空间尺度不匹配在验证中造成的偏差,LAS观测更适合于大尺度模拟的验证,验证效果更好。     

基于AMSR-E的北疆地区积雪深度反演

利用北疆地区2007/2008-2009/2010年度积雪季(12月至次年2月)的AMSR-E降轨19 GHz与37 GHz波段的水平极化亮温数据, 结合北疆地区45个气象台站的实测雪深数据, 建立了北疆地区基于AMSR-E亮度温度数据的雪深反演模型, 并对模型的精度进行评价. 结果显示: 雪深在3~10 cm时, 模型反演的雪深值负向平均误差为-5.1 cm, RMSE值为6.1 cm; 雪深在11~30 cm时, 模型反演雪深值的平均误差仅为2.6 cm, RMSE、 正向平均误差、 绝对平均误差均较小; 雪深大于30 cm时, 模型反演的各项误差较大. 用合成方法反演北疆地区2006/2007-2010/2011年度5个积雪季的平均雪深分布和最大雪深分布, 结果显示北疆地区积雪主要分布于北部阿尔泰山和南部天山一带, 其中阿勒泰地区所占比重最大, 中部的准噶尔盆地腹地、 克拉玛依地区雪层较浅.     

济南泉域地下水位动态及其对降水响应的交叉小波分析

利用1988—2009年济南泉域8个地下水位动态观测点不同时段观测资料及1998—2009年降水数据,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换方法对济南泉域地下水位动态的多时间尺度特征、相互关系及其对降水的响应进行了分析。结果表明:①济南泉域地下水位动态存在显著的0.82～1.16 a的主振荡周期,低频部分仅在部分年份存在1.95～3.09 a的振荡周期;②含水岩组富水性对地下水位动态存在影响,研究区主径流方向上弱富水性地段地下水位动态时滞较强富水性地段长,强富水性地段4个观测孔地下水位波动时序基本一致;③地下水位动态对降水的响应滞后明显,为73.06～134.42 d,总体表现为地下水径流路径越长,响应越滞后;④基于地下水位动态与基于降水—地下水位动态交叉小波变换得到的观测点对水位动态的滞后时间多数一致,同一径流路径上局部点对滞后时间之和与全局点对有很好的对应关系。交叉小波分析可定量评价泉域地下水位动态及其与降水的相关关系。     

Implementation of DSC model and application for analysis of field pile tests under cyclic loading

The disturbed state concept (DSC) model, and a new and simplified procedure for unloading and reloading behavior are implemented in a nonlinear finite element procedure for dynamic analysis for coupled response of saturated porous materials. The DSC model is used to characterize the cyclic behavior of saturated clays and clay–steel interfaces. In the DSC, the relative intact (RI) behavior is characterized by using the hierarchical single surface (HISS) plasticity model; and the fully adjusted (FA) behavior is modeled by using the critical state concept. The DSC model is validated with respect to laboratory triaxial tests for clay and shear tests for clay‐steel interfaces. The computer procedure is used to predict field behavior of an instrumented pile subjected to cyclic loading. The predictions provide very good correlation with the field data. They also yield improved results compared to those from a HISS model with anisotropic hardening, partly because the DSC model allows for degradation or softening and interface response. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩复杂岩性岩电特征

准噶尔盆地东部克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩岩石类型复杂多样,且同一岩性由于结构、构造和成分的差异,电性特征差异亦较大,岩性识别困难。本文通过对该区14口井取心段岩电关系研究,认为自然伽马、电阻率、密度三种曲线岩性特征响应明显; 电阻率、中子、密度、声波四条曲线对火山岩岩石构造特征响应明显。并编制了岩性和岩石构造测井识别交会图版11张。进而利用电测资料识别出该区11种火山岩岩石类型: 正长斑岩、二长斑岩、玄武岩、粗面岩、英安岩、流纹岩、霏细岩、沉凝灰岩、熔结凝灰岩、火山角砾岩和熔结火山角砾岩; 识别出5种岩石构造类型: 正长斑岩中气孔及块状构造和玄武岩中杏仁、碎裂及块状构造。通过本区12口钻井取心后验,测井识别结果与钻井岩心分析结果吻合良好,可作为地区性火山岩测井岩性、岩石构造识别模式。     

利用地基微波辐射计验证积雪微波辐射传输模型

积雪雪水当量参数是水文、气候、水资源利用与管理模型中非常重要的输入参数,积雪辐射理论模型可以模拟积雪物理参数与微波辐射的关系.因此,准确模拟积雪辐射信息,验证积雪辐射模型显得尤为重要.采用改进的基于能量守恒的干雪微波辐射传输理论模型(DMRT-AIEM-MD),利用2008年3月24 日黑河地区联合实验获取的地面测量数据以及车载辐射计18.7 GHz和36.5 GHz两个频率的辐射亮温值,考虑地形的影响,分析积雪辐射散射特性以及验证该模型.结果表明:该模型模拟值与地面实测值吻合的比较好,该模型能较好的模拟中国地区自然地表积雪辐射信号.分析了部分模型模拟值和地面实测值偏差的可能原因,该积雪区是多次堆积形成,积雪垂直剖面的密度、温度不规则变化可能会引起偏差.     

近岸波生流运动三维数值模拟及验证

开发建立了近岸波生流运动三维数值计算模式。模式中,引入了三维时均剩余动量、破波表面水滚、波浪水平与垂向紊动作为主要驱动力,同时考虑了波流共同作用的底部剪切力。推导了可综合反映底坡、能量传递率和密度影响的水滚能量传输方程;将Larson-Kraus的二维波浪水平紊动系数表达式拓展至三维。采用大量实测数据和文献资料测试验证了所建模式,表明所建模式可有效模拟波浪增减水、底部离岸流、沿岸流、裂流、堤后环流等不同维度的波生流现象。此外,研究也表明破波水滚效应可解释波生流峰值向岸推移的物理现象,从而在模拟中不能忽略;破波带内沿岸流速垂向较为均匀的现象与波浪附加垂向紊动有关。     

Effects of misclassification costs on mapping mineral prospectivity

Mineral prospectivity mapping is a classification process because in a given study area, a specific region is classified as either a prospective or non-prospective area. The cost of false negative errors differs from the cost of false positive errors because false positive errors lead to wasting much more financial and material resources, whereas false negative errors result in the loss of mineral deposits. Traditional machine learning algorithms using for mapping mineral prospectivity are aimed to minimize classification errors and ignore the cost-sensitive effects. In this study, the effects of misclassification costs on mapping mineral prospectivity are explored. The cost-sensitive neural network (CSNN) for minimizing misclassification costs is applied to map Fe polymetallic prospectivity in China’s southwestern Fujian metalorganic belt (SFMB). A CSNN with a different cost ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1 was used to represent various misclassification costs. The cross-validation results indicated a lower misclassification cost compared to traditional neural networks through a threshold-moving based CSNN. The CSNN’s predictive results were compared to those of a traditional neural network, and the results demonstrate that the CSNN method is useful for mapping mineral prospectivity. The targets can be used to further explore undiscovered deposits in the study area.     

东亚地区YoungerDryas气候突变的数值模拟研究

YoungerDryas(YD)气候突变事件是近两万年中一次全球性的气候急剧变冷事件。文章试图在东亚地区YD事件的若干证据基础上,从海洋、冰盖和大气的热力学以及动力学角度出发,利用气候模拟方法就东亚地区YD气候突变的机制和一些成因假说进行敏感性试验。模拟结果表明,因淡水通量异常引起的海洋表面温度降低是YD形成的直接原因。海洋大气耦合作用对于YD传播强度及时间不同步具有重要作用。除北大西洋淡水通量异常的作用外,南半球海洋的淡水通量异常可能对东亚地区的YD事件有着更重要的贡献。海洋耦合大气环流模式模拟表明,东亚与欧洲降温具有不同步性,最大变化速率欧洲达到-0.122℃/a,东亚地区为-0.067℃/a。模拟结果与东亚地区YD时期的气候记录在特征上能够进行对比,反映了模拟试验的边界和强迫条件的设计接近东亚古气候状况,因而模拟结果对分析海洋、冰盖和大气的热力学以及动力学探讨揭示YD气候事件的物理机制和动力原因具有可靠的依据。     

A comparison of MODIS-derived cloud amount with visual surface observations

Two main sources for global cloud climatologies are visual surface observations and observations made by spaceborne sensors. Satellite observations compared with surface data show in most cases differences ranging from − 15% up to − 1%, depending on sensor and observation conditions. These differences are partially controlled by sensors' cloud detection capabilities — a higher number of spectral bands and higher spatial resolution are believed to allow discrimination of clouds from land/ocean/snow background. A Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) produces images of the atmosphere in 36 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 250–1000 m, thus having a capacity for cloud detection far more advanced than other operating sensors. In this study, instantaneous MODIS cloud observations were compared with surface data for Poland for January (winter) and July (summer) 2004. It was found that MODIS observed 4.38% greater cloud amount in summer conditions and 7.28% in winter conditions. Differences were greater at night (7–8%) than in daytime (0.5–7%) and correlations ranged between 0.577 (winter night) and 0.843 (winter day, summer day and night).