The influence of transgression and regression on the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic kaolin in the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic sandstones within a sequence stratigraphic framework, Murzuq Basin, SW Libya

Linking diagenesis to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy can provide a better understanding of some of the parameters that control the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and of their impact on reservoir quality. A study of the paralic, glaciogenic sandstones of the Melaz Shuqran and Mamunyiat formations (Late Ordovician) of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, reveals that the distribution of diagenetic kaolin can be constrained within depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy. Eogenetic kaolinite was formed by the dissolution of unstable detrital grains as a result of influx of meteoric waters into: (i) glacial, fluvial incised-valley lowstand systems tract (LST), glacial, tide-dominated estuarine transgressive systems tract (TST) during formation of overlying sequence boundary, (ii) paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaìc highstand systems tract (HST), paraglacial, foreshore to shoreface HST during progradation and basinward shift of the shoreline and/or formation of overlying sequence boundary, (iii) postglacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones during relative sea level fall. On the other hand, formation of kaolinite immediately below maximum flooding surfaces is attributed to dissolution of unstable detrital grains by organic acids that were presumably derived from thermal alterations of organic matter, possibly during mesodiagenesis. The transformation of eogenetic kaolinite into dickite during mesodiagenesis is probably a consequence of low α_K⁺ / α_H⁺ ratio in the pore waters due to the scarcity of detrital K-feldspars.     

深埋藏致密砂岩中相对优质储层形成机理——以川西坳陷新场构造带须家河组为例

川西坳陷中部新场构造带须家河组砂岩主要分布在须二段和须四段,由于埋藏深,普遍经历了复杂的成岩作用,普遍为特低孔隙、低渗透超致密砂岩,但仍较发育有一定数量的相对优质储层并形成致密砂岩气藏。为了更有效地预测和扩展须家河组致密砂岩的相对有利优质储层,则需理清相对优质储层的形成机理。本文通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、物性测试、阴极发光及电子探针等测试分析手段,以岩石与矿物学特征、储层特征、成岩作用研究为基础,重点分析物质组成、结构特征、早期胶结作用、流体-岩石相互作用、构造活动、生排烃期次等对于原生孔隙保存及次生孔隙的形成、保存两大方面的影响,最终达到对研究区须家河组致密砂岩中相对优质储层形成机理的系统性研究和认识。结果表明,主要形成机理包括残余原生孔隙的保存和次生孔隙的形成两个方面,其中残余原生孔隙的保存机制主要为早期绿泥石环边、早期适度碳酸盐胶结、部分裂缝导致的油气充注,而次生孔隙则主要来自于长石和少量不稳定岩屑的溶蚀作用,以及破裂作用形成裂缝及其引起的溶蚀作用。     

黄河源区第四纪地质研究的新进展

通过对黄河源区的钻孔、自然露头的研究, 建立了黄河源区的第四纪地层层序。第四纪地层可划分为下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统。下更新统为河湖相沉积; 中更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物; 上更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物、冰水沉积物、洪积物和河流沉积物; 全新统主要由河流沉积物、洪积物和湖积物构成。黄河源区的冰期可划分为3期, 即末次冰期、倒数第二次冰期、倒数第三次冰期, 末次冰期又可分为2个冰阶。黄河源区的湖泊演化可划分为早更新世、中更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段: 早更新世的湖泊范围小; 中更新世的湖泊范围明显扩大, 在位置上也较早更新世的湖泊南移; 晚更新世的湖泊经历了两次的扩张—收缩变化, 到了全新世, 除现今还发育的几个湖泊外, 大多数地区的湖水已退出, 基本上转变为河流环境。在晚更新世末期到全新世初期, 封闭黄河源区的多石峡被切开, 湖水外泄, 现今的黄河形成了, 同时发生了袭夺长江水系的水流。     

国际南极冰盖与海平面变化研究述评

海平面上升是全球变暖的主要后果之一。尽管有少数冰川学家认为,气候变暖并不能确保雪积累量的显著增加,同时可能出现冰流的突然变化,因此南极冰盖在未来海平面变化中的作用存在很大的不确定性。但近几十年来南极半岛气温的急剧上升,已使大量的冰架崩解。冰架崩解并不对海平面产生真正的影响,但反映出南极洲气候与冰川存在急剧变化的可能。     

安徽东南部二叠系龙潭组砂岩碎屑组分及物源分析

       砂岩碎屑组分分析是研究盆地沉积物源及其构造演化的重要途径。龙潭组是我国南方重要的含煤层位之一,进一步确定其沉积物来源和源区构造背景具有重要意义。安徽东南部二叠系龙潭组砂岩碎屑组分特征为：单晶石英含量为25%~40%,多晶石英含量为30%~65%,而且细砂岩中,石英多具有溶蚀的边缘;长石含量变化较大,在细砂岩中含量在5%~15%之间,在中粗粒砂岩中含量仅为1%左右;岩屑在细砂岩中的含量为15%~25%,在中粗粒砂岩中含量为10%~20%。砂岩物源分析结果显示,龙潭组砂岩来源于再旋回造山带与消减杂岩带的混合蚀源区,结合含近源砾石特征及区域大地构造背景,可推测研究区龙潭组物源区很可能来自华夏板块与扬子板块碰撞的接壤地带--江南造山带。     

致密砂岩天然气藏地质特征——川西深井钻探的启示

四川盆地西部是我国重要的天然气基地,属致密砂岩非常规天然气藏,具有独特的天然气地质学特征。依据钻达上三叠统的４０余口钻井资料,通过对油气显示、产层特征及测试等综合分析,总结和揭示了川西上三叠统的储、产层特征及其与天然气产出的关系,为老井挖潜和进一步勘探部署提供了参考意见。     

含片钠铝石砂岩与地层水相互作用实验

不同温度(100℃、150℃和200℃)地层水对含片钠铝石砂岩的改造作用研究显示,随着温度升高,砂岩的溶解程度逐渐增强,样品中片钠铝石的稳定性逐渐减弱。在片钠铝石溶解的同时,200℃时样品表面有高钠长石和绿泥石生成,且通过X-射线衍射分析发现,在150℃和200℃时有某种未知的碳酸盐矿物生成,生成量随温度升高而增大。100℃时片钠铝石的微弱溶解及150℃和200℃时碳酸盐矿物的生成表明,在地层条件下以片钠铝石等碳酸盐矿物形式捕获的CO2能够稳定存在。     

早期碳酸盐胶结作用对砂岩孔隙演化的影响——以塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为例

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为无障壁的潮坪、滨岸及辫状河三角洲沉积的岩屑砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩,对满北和满东、满南地区志留系砂岩成岩作用序次尤其是碳酸盐胶结的时间、方式和特征、物性的对比研究认为:砂岩中碳酸盐胶结的时间早晚对砂岩孔隙演化具有重要影响,满北地区志留系砂岩发育有大量早期泥晶碳酸盐胶结,显微镜下研究表明这种胶结作用发生在岩石受到充分压实之前,呈基底式胶结,岩石颗粒呈点接触或漂浮状分布于早期碳酸盐胶结物之中,这种胶结作用抑制了岩石后期的压实作用。尽管目前其埋藏达5 000～6 500 m,但其经历的压实作用并不强烈,粒间发育大量早期的碳酸盐胶结物,后来这些胶结物被溶蚀,形成了大量次生孔隙。而在满东和满南地区的志留系砂岩,碳酸盐胶结发生在岩石经过充分压实之后,晚期的碳酸盐胶结物仅分布于岩石经充分压实后的粒间孔隙中,含量较前者低,后期可供溶蚀的碳酸盐比前者少,因而溶蚀形成的次生孔隙有限。因此,尽管满东满南地区志留系埋藏比满北浅（3 700～5 000 m）,碳酸盐胶结物含量也低,也发育晚期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,但岩石的压实作用比满北强,物性比满北低差。这主要与碳酸盐胶结的早晚有关,早期碳酸盐胶结对孔隙演化具有明显控制作用,有利于岩石孔隙的保存,为后来的溶蚀形成次生孔隙提供了条件。     

闽北仁寿地区逆冲推覆构造

逆冲推覆构造发育于闽北变质岩中，由一系列规模不等向南东倾的叠瓦状逆冲推覆断层及其上盘的推覆岩席组成，由南燕向北西方推覆，往逆冲方面可分为上，下2个逆冲推覆构造系，是前展式逆冲推覆构造，作用时期发生于印支期－燕山期。     

Formation of Hengchun Accretionary Prism Turbidites and Implications for Deep‐water Transport Processes in the Northern South China Sea

Located at the end of the northern Manila Trench,the Hengchun Peninsula is the latest exposed part of Taiwan Island,and preserves a complete sequence of accretionary deep-sea turbidite sandstones.Combined with extensive field observations,a’source-to-sink’approach was employed to systematically analyze the formation and evolutionary process of the accretionary prism turbidites on the Hengchun Peninsula.Lying at the base of the Hengchun turbidites are abundant mafic normal oceanic crust gravels with a certain degree of roundness.The gravels with U-Pb ages ranging from 25.4 to23.6 Ma are underlain by hundreds-of-meters thickness of younger deep-sea sandstone turbidites with interbedded gravels.This indicates that large amounts of terrigenous materials from both the’Kontum-Ying-Qiong’River of Indochina and the Pearl River of South China were transported into the deep-water areas of the northern South China Sea during the late Miocene and further eastward in the form of turbidity currents.The turbidity flow drastically eroded and snatched mafic materials from the normal South China Sea oceanic crust along the way,and subsequently unloaded large bodies of basic gravel-bearing sandstones to form turbidites near the northern Manila Trench.With the Philippine Sea Plate drifting clockwise to the northwest,these turbidite successions eventually migrated and,since the Middle Pleistocene,were exposed as an accretionary prism on the Hengchun Peninsula.