Paleoceanographic records in the Chukchi Basin, western Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary

The late Quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the western Arctic Ocean are revealed by quantitative studies of foraminiferal abundance, ice-rafted detritus (IRD) and its mineralogical and petrological compositions, planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) (Nps)-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C, biogenic and non-biogenic components in Core M03 token from the Chukchi Basin during the Second Chinese National Arctic Expedition cruise. Seven IRD events appeared at MIS 7, 5, 3 and 1. These IRD were carried in massive icebergs, which were exported to the Beaufort Sea through the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and then transported into the Chukchi Basin by the Beaufort Gyre. Low IRD deposition occurred during the glacial times when more extended ice cover and weakened Beaufort Gyre, while the open water condition and the intensified Beaufort Gyre during interglacial periods favored the IRD deposition. Therefore, the IRD events not only indicate the provenance of coarser detritus and ice export events, but also reflect the evolutionary histories of the Beaufort Gyre and North American ice sheet. Seven light Nps-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C excursions could respond to enhanced rates of sea ice formation resulting in the production and sinking of isotopically light brines, but was irrelevant to the warm Atlantic water and freshwater inputs. Whereas, the heavy Nps-δ¹⁸O and -δ¹³C values separately reflect the lessened Arctic freshwater and Pacific water, and well-ventilated surface water from the continental shelf and halocline water. Variations of CaCO₃ content and planktonic foraminiferal abundance during the interglacial and glacial periods can demonstrate the incremental or diminishing input of the Atlantic water, while the total organic carbon (TOC) and opal contents increased and decreased during the glacial and interglacial periods, respectively, which could be related to the TOC degradation, opal dissolution and redox conditions of interface between the bottom water and sediments.     

联合GRACE和ICESat数据分离南极冰川均衡调整(GIA)信号

2002年发射的GRACE重力卫星为南极冰盖质量平衡提供了一种新的测量方式,但由于南极GIA模型的不确定较大,进而影响GRACE结果的可靠性.本文联合2003—2009年的GRACE和ICESat等数据实现了南极GIA信号的分离,联合方法所分离的GIA不依赖于不确定性很大的冰负荷等假设模型,而是直接基于卫星观测数据估算而来的,具有更大的可靠性.在分离过程中,本文提出了冰流速度加权改正法和GPS球谐拟合改正法对GIA结果进行精化,同时引入了南极GPS观测站的位移数据对分离的GIA进行详细的评估和验证,GPS验证表明经过冰流速度加权和GPS球谐拟合双改正后的GIA结果精度明显得到提高.最后本文利用所分离的GIA对GRACE和ICESat结果进行了改正,得到2003—2009年南极冰盖质量变化的趋势为-66.7±54.5 Gt/a(GRACE)和-77.2±21.5Gt/a(ICESat),相比采用其他的GIA模型,本文的GIA结果使GRACE和ICESat这两种不同观测技术得到的南极冰盖质量变化结果更加趋于一致.     

克拉通岩石圈对流减薄的数值模拟

采用二维有限元数值模拟的方法研究了岩石圈的对流减薄过程,特别是克拉通岩石圈的对流减薄过程.模型的主要参数包括增厚岩石圈的宽度x、增厚倍数γ、以及与岩石圈组分变化导致的黏性和密度变化密切相关的黏性比(ηc)和浮力数(B)或等效密度变化(Δρtc).数值计算结果显示,地幔对流将逐渐减薄增厚的岩石圈部分,(1)当B=0和ηc=1时,即对一般地幔岩石圈,增厚岩石圈对流减薄的时间可表示为0.0073γ0.70 x0.26.将数值结果应用于地球,意味着增厚到300km的岩石圈,如宽度为300km,对流移除增厚部分回到初始平衡厚度120km大约需要225 Ma;如宽度为1500km,移除增厚部分大约需要342 Ma.(2)当B和ηc较小,克拉通岩石圈对流减薄过程与一般加厚岩石圈的对流减薄过程类似,但减薄时间受克拉通组分浮力和黏性比的影响而显著增长,克拉通岩石圈对流减薄的时间可表示为0.0057ηc0.52Δρ-0.21tcγ0.78ηc-0.36 x0.04.因而,对300km厚的克拉通岩石圈,如克拉通岩石圈的密度比周围地幔的密度低0.4%(即B=0.1),宽度1500km,若克拉通岩石圈黏性因组分影响比普通地幔岩石圈大10倍,其被对流减薄到120km大约需要1.18Ga.(3)当B和ηc增大到一定量时(如B≥0.2且ηc10),克拉通岩石圈被移除的过程将发生变化,由于组分浮力的影响,对流主要不是将克拉通岩石圈带到软流圈地幔中,而主要是将较厚的岩石圈物质向两边推送.在此情况下,克拉通岩石圈能长时间(3Ga)保持稳定.     

基于GRACE的格陵兰冰盖质量变化分析

基于GRACE RL05数据反演2003-01~2012-12格陵兰岛的冰盖质量变化,构建去相关滤波和高斯滤波的组合滤波方式,采用线性及二次多项式拟合分析格陵兰岛冰盖质量变化速度及加速度。结果表明,格陵兰岛冰盖呈现加速融化趋势,冰盖融化主要在南部及西北地区。扣除泄漏误差及冰川均衡调整改正,冰盖质量融化速度及加速度分别为-157.8±11.3 Gt/a,-17.7±4.5 Gt/a2,其融化速度在2010年后明显加快,由2003~2009年的-132.2 Gt/a增加到2010~2012年的-252.5 Gt/a。东北部冰盖趋于稳定。中东部地区冰盖质量变化加速度呈现正增长,显示该地区冰盖融化逐年减缓,但2010年后加速融化。     

海洋生物资源资产负债表基本概念内涵解析

海洋生物资源由于保护不力、开发过度、海水污染等问题而面临严峻挑战,编制海洋生物资源资产负债表以实现资产化管理刻不容缓。党的十八届三中全会明确提出探索编制自然资源资产负债表,然而海洋生物资源资产负债表涉及的基本概念尚缺乏研究。本文探索性解析与海洋生物资源资产负债表相关的基本概念,界定海洋生物资源资产、负债及净资产等会计要素的定义,深入剖析三者的内涵与联系;借鉴企业资产负债表与国家资产负债表编制经验,依据海洋生物资源特点,阐述海洋生物资源资产负债表内涵,以期为海洋生物资源资产负债表编制奠定理论基础,推动海洋生物资源资产负债表的形成与发展。     

海洋结构薄板承载性能的裂纹群体效应

大型海洋结构长期服役中构件裂纹不可避免,结构承载性能必然随之弱化。针对含非均匀分布裂纹的薄板,以有限元方法对小变形状态下其极限承载能力进行计算,得到裂纹数量、长度、分布等因素对薄板屈曲临界应力的影响规律。发现裂纹不仅改变截面的有效承载面积,同时改变局部结构的变形状态,多种因素共同作用使板的承载性能非单调变化,即多裂纹对板承载性能的影响具有一定的"群体"效应。     

探测一号卫星在近地磁尾观测到的尾向流统计特性

在磁静和亚暴期间,TC 1卫星在近地磁尾,包括晨昏两侧和夜侧的尾瓣、等离子体片边界层和等离子体片区域都观测到大量来自电离层的尾向流事件.尾向流在赤道面附近最强,在夜侧较晨昏两侧强;尾向流有从晨昏两侧向夜侧运动的趋势;尾向流随距地球距离增加而逐渐增强.与来自中磁尾的地向流相比,近地磁尾近赤道区域来自电离层的尾向流具有低温高密特性.2004年7月1日至2004年10月31日期间TC 1卫星在近地磁尾（7RE～13RE之间,RE为地球半径）观测到持续时间超过3 min的尾向流共516起.对这516起尾向流的统计研究结果显示：（1）尾向流在从等离子体片边界层向等离子体片的运动过程中流速会逐渐减弱、密度逐渐增高,温度有逐渐下降的趋势;（2）对尾向流平行温度和垂直温度的分析显示不同等离子体区域的尾向流都有较明显的各向异性;（3）在从等离子体片边界层向等离子体片的运动过程中,尾向流逐渐趋向各向同性.     

大气河对南极冰盖及海冰的影响

南极冰盖与海冰对全球气候具有重要影响。大气河作为高纬度地区经向水汽输送的重要途径,其对南极冰盖与海冰的影响在近年来愈发受到重视。南极大气河通常形成于高压脊(阻塞高压)与温带气旋之间的强向极经向输送带内。低频的大气河活动为南极带来强降雪,有利于冰盖质量增加。然而,强暖湿水汽侵入同时会导致表面融化、冰架崩解和极端高温,对冰盖质量存在潜在负贡献。大气河携带极端暖湿水汽与强风通过热力与动力过程导致海冰密集度下降。目前,大气河的识别算法仍不完善,其对液态降水的直接影响、与南大洋的相互作用等仍不清楚,需要进一步明晰大气河对南极冰盖与海冰的影响机制,以准确预估未来大气河对南极冰盖物质平衡与海冰变化的作用。     

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Basaltic subglacial sheet-like sequences: Evidence for two types with different implications for the inferred thickness of associated ice

Subglacially-erupted volcanic sequences provide proxies for a unique range of palaeo-ice parameters and they are potentially highly useful archives of palaeoenvironmental information, particularly for pre-Quaternary periods. They can thus be incorporated by climate and ice sheet modellers in the same way as other environmental proxies, yet they remain largely under-utilised. Basaltic volcanic sequences erupted subglacially consist empirically of two major types, corresponding to eruptions under “thick” and “thin” ice, respectively. The latter are called subglacial sheet-like sequences and only one generic type of sequence has been described so far. However, there is now evidence that there are at least two generic types, with significantly different implications for interpretations of associated palaeo-ice sheet thicknesses. One type, which is relatively well described, is believed to be a diagnostic product of eruptions associated with a relatively thin glacial cover (< c. 150–200 m), probably corresponding most commonly to mountain glaciers but also conceivably thin ice caps or sheets, of any thermal regime (temperate, sub-polar, polar). It is here called the Mount Pinafore type. By contrast, a second subglacial sheet-like sequence, described in this paper for the first time and called the Dalsheidi-type, represents products of eruptions under much thicker ice (probably > 1000 m). Eruptions that form the Dalsheidi-type of sequence commence with the injection and inflation of a sill along the ice:bedrock interface. Such “interface sills” were predicted theoretically but had no known geological example, until now. Subsequent evolution commonly involves floating of the ice cover, catastrophic meltwater drainage and emplacement of widespread sheets of hyaloclastite, as cohesionless mass flows and hyperconcentrated flows. The water-saturated hyaloclastite is characteristically intruded by apophyses sourced in the underlying “interface sill”. Eruptions are commonly not explosive until their later stages. Dalsheidi-type deposits are outflow sequences probably linked to subglacial pillow volcanoes, which in Iceland were erupted along fissures. They only provide an indication of minimum thicknesses of the associated overlying ice, although theoretical considerations suggest substantial ice thicknesses in excess of 1000 m. However, they are likely to be characteristic products of eruptions under the thick West Antarctic Ice Sheet, but are currently inaccessible. Such eruptions may be capable of destabilising that ice sheet.