Diagenesis and reservoir quality analysis in the Lower Cretaceous Qishn sandstones from Masila oilfields in the Sayun–Masila Basin,eastern Yemen

Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Qishn Formation have been studied by integrating sedimentological, petrological and petrophysical analyses from wells in the Masila oilfields of eastern Yemen. These analyses were used to define the origin, type of diagenesis and its relation to reservoir quality. The sandstones of the Qishn Formation are predominately quartz arenite to subarkose arenite with sublitharenite and quartz wackes displaying a range of porosities, averaging 22.33%. Permeability is likewise variable with an average of 2844.2 mD. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect on porosity destruction after sedimentation and burial. The widespread occurrence of early calcite cement suggests that the sandstones of the Qishn Formation lost significant primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to poikilotopic calcite, several different cements including kaolinite, illite, chlorite and minor illite–smectite occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements, which were either accompanied by or followed the development of the early calcite cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar grains. The new data presented in this paper suggest the reservoir quality of Qishn sandstones is strongly linked to their diagenetic history; hence, the reservoir quality is reduced by clay minerals, calcite and silica cements but is enhanced by the dissolution of the unstable grains, in addition to partial or complete dissolution of calcite cements and unstable grains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球等离子体片中磁泡对地面磁场的扰动

观测到的爆发流（Busty Bulk Flows,简称为BBFs）有很多主要特征都可以用磁泡图像描述 . 磁泡模型认为电离层中绝大部分电势降落都发生在磁泡中,据此可以估算它周围的霍尔电 流及其在地面引起的地磁扰动. 将本文结果与SMA（Scandinavian Magnetometer Array）雷 达阵列观测的BBFs的特征进行比较之后,发现二者符合得很好. 这表明BBFs与磁泡在引起地 面磁场扰动上的表征是一样的,暗示BBFs很可能就是磁泡.     

Distribution of diagenetic alterations in glaciogenic sandstones within a depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework: Evidence from the Upper Ordovician of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya

The spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations has been constrained in relationship to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic quartzarenite sandstones in the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, which were deposited during the Haritanian glaciation when the basin was laying along the continental margin of Gondwana. Eogenetic alterations encountered include: (i) replacement of detrital silicates, mud matrix and pseudomatrix by kaolinite in paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic, in foreshore to shoreface (highstand systems tract; HST) and in post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic (lowstand systems tract; LST) sandstones, particularly below the sequence boundaries (SB). Kaolinite formation is attributed to the influx of meteoric water during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (ii) Cementation by calcite (δ¹⁸O_VPDB = − 3.1‰ to + 1.1‰ and δ¹³C_VPDB = + 1.7‰ to + 3.5‰) and Mg-rich siderite in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine (transgressive systems tract; TST) sandstones and in the post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones is interpreted to have occurred from marine pore-waters. (iii) Cementation by Mg-poor siderite, which occurs in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, is interpreted to have occurred from meteoric waters during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (iv) Pervasive cementation by iron oxides has occurred in the glacial, shoreface–offshore TST sandstones and post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones immediately below the maximum flooding surfaces (MFS), which was presumably enhanced by prolonged residence time of the sediments under oxic diagenetic conditions at the seafloor. (v) Formation of grain-coating infiltrated clays mainly in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones and in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones as well as, less commonly, in the paraglacial, foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones and in the tide-dominated deltaic HST sandstones below the SBs.

Mesogenetic alterations include mainly the formation of abundant quartz overgrowths in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones, post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and glacial, shoreface TST sandstones, in which early carbonate cements are lacking. Illite, chlorite and albitized feldspars, which occur in small amounts, are most common in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine TST sandstones and paraglacial, shoreface HST sandstones. This study demonstrates that the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and their impact on reservoir-quality evolution in glacial, paraglacial and post-glacial sandstones can be better elucidated when linked to the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework.     

A one‐dimensional model for simulating armouring and erosion on hillslopes: 1. model development and event‐scale dynamics

This paper presents an erosion model, ARMOUR, which simulates time‐varying runoff, erosion, deposition and surface armour evolution down a hillslope either as a result of a single erosion event or as the cumulative impact of many events over periods up to decades. ARMOUR simulates sediment transport for both cohesive and non‐cohesive soil and dynamically differentiates between ‘transport‐limited’ and ‘source‐limited’ processes. A variety of feasible processes for entrainment of different size classes can be modelled and evaluated against data. The generalized likelihood of uncertainty estimation (GLUE) technique was used to calibrate and validate ARMOUR using data collected during rainfall simulator experiments at two contrasting sites: (1) non‐cohesive stony sediments at Ranger Uranium Mine, Northern Territory, Australia; and (2) cohesive silty sediments at Northparkes Gold Mine, NSW, Australia. The spatial and temporal variations of model predictions within the individual runoff events showed that some entrainment processes could not model the spikes in concentration and subsequent depletion, while the hiding model of Andrews and Parker best simulated the concentration trends for both calibrated and independent runoff events. ARMOUR also successfully captured the coarsening of the surface material, though small, over the duration of the rainfall simulator trials. This was driven by the depletion of the finest size class of the soil. For a constant discharge, ARMOUR simulated higher sediment flux at the start of the storm with the sediment flux and concentration diminishing with time. For natural rainfall a power law relationship between sediment flux and discharge was observed. The calibration exercise showed that sediment concentration and discharge alone are insufficient to calibrate all aspects of the physics, in particular the armour depth. This appears to be because the armouring during the short duration events is driven by depletion of the finest classes of the sediments (diameters less then 62·5 mm), which are not normally measured. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磁尾等离子体片中周期性高速流相伴随磁场超低频波

本文利用Cluster卫星2004年11月8日的观测数据,分析了磁尾等离子体片中与地向周期性高速离子流相伴随的ULF波.结果显示周期性高速流的速度波动与磁场和温度中的ULF波同时出现、同时增强、同时消失,而且波动的频率都集中在60~70 mHz.这说明磁场和温度ULF波与周期性高速流密切相关,周期性高速流是ULF波产生的来源.高速流波动的相位与磁场波动的相位大致反相关,与热离子温度波动的相位正相关,同时磁场波动与热离子温度波动呈相位反相关的特性.最小方差法分析的结果显示虽然波传播方向有地向分量,但其主要传播方向是向等离子体片中心传播,并与周期性高速流速度方向垂直.以上观测说明是高速流的周期性变化产生了磁场在Pi1频率范围内的ULF波.     

The Inner Magnetosphere: A Review

This paper addresses research achievements during roughly the period 1991–1993 pertaining to the inner magnetosphere including the radiation belts, plasmasphere, and ring current region. It also addresses issues concerning the magnetic fields, electrical currents, and particle precipitation properties that relate to this region of the solar-terrestrial system. Recent analysis and modeling of magnetospheric substorms and geomagnetic storms affecting the inner edge of the plasma sheet are discussed and the regions from the geostationary orbit inward toward the Earth are examined in light of new observational and theoretical tools.Presented at the 7th Scientific Assembly International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Buenos Aires, Argentina 8–20 August 1993.     

Endeavour 42 deposit,Lake Cowal,New South Wales: A structurally controlled gold deposit

Endeavour 42 is a structurally controlled Au deposit with similarities to adularia‐sericite deposits. It is the largest of four gold prospects discovered in the Late Ordovician Lake Cowal volcanic complex, adjacent to the Gilmore Fault Zone, in central New South Wales, Australia. The Lake Cowal volcanic complex consists of calc‐alkaline to shoshonitic volcanic rocks and related sedimentary rocks that were deposited in a relatively deep‐water environment. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Lake Cowal volcanic complex were intruded by diorite and granodiorite. Low‐grade porphyry Cu (0.2–0.35% Cu) mineralisation is developed in parts of the granodiorite intrusion. The gold deposits are developed north of the porphyry Cu mineralisation and occur within a north‐south corridor adjacent to a north‐south‐oriented body of diorite. The Endeavour 42 deposit is hosted by three volcanic units and a diorite. The stratigraphic units at Endeavour 42, consistently strike 215° and dip 50°NW, and comprise an upper unit dominated by redeposited pyroclastic debris and a lower conglomerate unit with clasts of reworked volcanic rocks. Separating these units is a sequence of trachyandesite lava and hyaloclastite breccias. Laminated mudstone and siltstone throughout the sequence are indicative of a relatively deep‐water, below wave‐base, environment. Porphyritic dykes, which are typically associated with zones of faulting, cross‐cut both the volcano‐sedimentary sequence and the diorite. The major fault orientations are 290° and 340°, forming subparallel conjugate fault sets. Both sets of faults are mineralised, contain deformed porphyritic dykes and are associated with sericitic alteration. Endeavour 42 is a sulfide‐poor gold deposit with free native Au and Au associated with pyrite and sphalerite. Minor galena, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are also observed. Irregular pyrite veinlets and carbonate‐sulfide veinlets occur in the upper unit of re‐deposited pyroclastic debris. Auriferous veins are parallel‐sided dilatant veins with quartz‐sulfide‐carbonate‐adularia. These veins display a consistent strike of 305° and a dip of 35°SW. Alteration and mineralisation were influenced by host‐rock composition and rheology. A pervasive alteration assemblage of chlorite‐carbonate‐hematite‐epidote is developed throughout the Lake Cowal volcanic complex. This is overprinted by sericite‐silica‐carbonate alteration around fault zones and dykes, with patchy and pervasive alteration of this type developed in the lava sequence and upper volcani‐clastic unit, reflecting permeability and probable alteration zoning. In the lower clastic unit, the diorite and, in parts of the lava sequence, a chlorite‐carbonate‐pyrite assemblage partially overprints sericite‐silica alteration, suggesting an evolving fluid composition, changing physico‐chemical conditions or a different alteration fluid. Age dating of the intrusive phases and sericitic alteration associated with mineralisation at Endeavour 42 yields ages of 465.76 ± 1 and 438.6 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively, suggesting that mineralisation post‐dates the Lake Cowal intrusive event and is related to intrusion of magma during the 440 Ma mineralising event, an important period in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt.     

华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论

华北岩石圈减薄是近十年来国内外研究的热门课题,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、减薄幅度、空间分布范围、机制及其构造控制因素,多有争论.本文对上述问题进行了全面的回顾与讨论,内容包括:(1)是克拉通破坏还是岩石圈减薄;(2)古生代以来华北克拉通岩石圈地幔时代与壳幔解耦;(3)岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏发生的时间;(4)岩石圈减薄的垂向幅度;(5)克拉通破坏在中国东部的空间分布;(6)克拉通破坏机制;(7)克拉通破坏的地球动力学原因;(8)华北克拉通破坏在世界上的特殊性等.文后,汇编了近10余年来华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的重要文献.     

Classification and Diagenetic Characteristics of the Cretaceous Sandstones in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin,Offshore South Africa

A systematic petrographic and geochemical studies of 92 representative sandstone samples from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin was undertaken to classify the sandstones as well as unravel the main diagenetic processes and their time relations. Petrographic study shows that the sandstones are largely subarkosic arenite and arkosic litharenite, which have underwent series of diagenetic processes as a result burial, rifting and subsequent uplift. The main diagenetic processes that have affected the reservoir properties of the sandstones are cementation by authigenic clay, carbonate and silica, growth of authigenic glauconite, dissolution of minerals and load compaction. The major diagenetic processes reducing the porosity are calcite cementation in the subarkosic arenite, and compaction and quartz cementation in arkosic litharenite. On the other hand, the formation of secondary porosity due to the partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement, feldspars and minor grain fracturing has improved the reservoir property of the sandstone to some extent. The clay minerals in the sandstones commonly acts as pore choking cement, which reduces porosity. In general, there is no particular diagenetic process that exclusively controls the type or form of porosity evolution in the sandstones.     

青藏高原有无大冰盖之争的现状

青藏高原有无大冰盖之争始于２０世纪初，至今已达８０余年。争论包括有无覆盖整个高原的大冰盖和有无局部小冰盖，以及它的形成年代，对便于气候变化的影响，可分为三个阶段：２０世纪初至４０年代，以少数西方探险家为主，论据不足，难于形讨论；从５０年代至７０年代，以中国学者为主的没有大冰盖论占绝对优势；８０年代至今中外学者众多、文献数百篇，是大争论的高潮，预示不久的将来，争论将逐渐平息，出现新的青藏高原科研热，