Visualising 30 Years of Population Density Change in Australia’s Major Capital Cities

ABSTRACT

This study uses a novel spatial approach to compare population density change across cities and over time. It examines spatio-temporal change in Australia’s five most populated capital cities from 1981 to 2011, and documents the established and emerging patterns of population distribution. The settlement patterns of Australian cities have changed substantially in the last 30 years. From the doughnut cities of the 1980s, programs of consolidation, renewal and densification have changed and concentrated population in our cities. Australian cities in the 1980s were characterised by sparsely populated, low density centres with growth concentrated to the suburban fringes. ‘Smart Growth’ and the ‘New Urbanism’ movements in the 1990s advocated higher dwelling density living and the inner cities re-emerged, inner areas were redeveloped, and the population distribution shifted towards increased inner city population densities. Policies aimed at re-populating the inner city dominated and the resultant changes are now visible in Australia’s five most populated capital cities. While this pattern has been reported in a number of studies, questions remain regarding the extent of these changes and how to analyse and visualise them across urban space. This paper reports on a spatial method which addresses the limitations of changing statistical boundaries to identify the changing patterns in Australian cities over time and space.     

上海砂性软土地层水平定向钻进泥浆性能调控技术

上海地区水平定向钻进铺管（HDD）钻遇不易成孔的砂性软土的概率甚高,这种地层对泥浆性能有特殊要求。但目前普遍使用的复配型增效商品土粉基调相近,难以就大量工程个案恰如其分地发挥关键功效。为此,论述了该类工程环境下泥浆性能设计要点,分析了材料添配的作用机理,重点给出了泥浆密度、粘度、切力以及失水量等参数调控的宜于实用的若干配材技术,以提供相类似工程条件下泥浆运用的可参考方法。     

四川平武银厂金矿勘探复杂地层钻进技术

四川平武银厂金矿区钻探施工中遇到漏失、缩径、岩心破碎、易孔斜和钻孔事故频发等施工难题,施工难度极大。本文结合地层特点,通过采用绳索取心液动锤、高密度低失水泥浆体系、跟管钻进等工艺技术措施,提高了钻进效率和施工质量,大幅度减少了孔内事故的发生,为顺利完成钻孔施工任务奠定了坚实的基础。     

高密度电法在草炭土分布特征调查中的应用

为了更好的研究草炭土湿地基本信息,获取草炭土分布特征,选择吉林省东部沼泽草炭土湿地为研究对象,运用高密度电阻率法,对比不同装置下探测结果的差异,再与已知的探槽资料做对比,得出温纳—施伦贝格装置为最可靠、最合理的探测装置。再将该装置运用到其他草炭土地区,得出对草炭土湿地的探测为浅层地质问题,草炭土的视电阻率为50~300Ω·m,深度为1.2~3.9 m,在反演图像中表现为低阻体部分,各地层间层状结构明显,电性界限分明。     

长春地区粉质黏土导热系数与其物性参数相关性研究

为研究导热系数与影响因素之间的相关关系,建立导热系数的推算公式,以长春地区粉质黏土为研究对象,对原状土样的导热系数与其物理参数之间的相关性进行回归分析。制作9个重塑土样,测其相关的参数值,以验证回归方程的适用性。结果表明,回归分析建立导热系数与2个物理参数之间的关系式不成立;考虑天然密度、含水率和孔隙度为自变量,其分别对应的相关性系数T检验显著值(Sig)都0. 05,复决定系数为0. 886,建立的回归方程成立,自变量能准确解释因变量的变化,且含水率与导热系数呈负相关,天然密度和孔隙度呈正相关。重塑土样相关参数代入回归方程得到的导热系数值与实验实测值之间相对误差低于4%,验证了该回归方程的普遍性和适用性。     

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。     

基于DBSCAN算法的孔深测量与地层反演理论研究

论文针对地质勘探取心工况复杂、钻进深度大、事故发生率高、岩性复杂、钻进参数难以获取、无法实时掌握钻进状态的难题,在充分调研现有工况识别技术的采集原理、功能种类、现场实测的基础上,结合钻探智能化、自动化的发展方向,运用硬件与软件结合的思想,设计了实时测量钻探参数的方案。论文首次提出使用DBSCAN（针对噪声空间基于分布密度进行聚类的算法）密度聚类法分析钻进参数,结合光电编码器增量的正负性进行工况判别,以获取钻头位置以及钻孔深度。该方案可以判别钻进状态,获取钻进工艺参数,将测量数据作为所钻地层的可钻参数来反演地层。钻机的自动化、智能化研究能获取大量地层资料,有利于推进钻进工艺学发展,实现从经验钻探到智能钻探进的突破。同时,为智能钻进系统奠定基础。     

免共振沉桩过程对地表振动影响的FLAC3D数值模拟

为研究免共振沉桩过程对地表振动影响,采用密度放大法以消除模型桩弹性模量过大对计算效率的影响,在有限差分软件FLAC^3D中建立了相应的连续振动沉桩模型,并和文献中的现场测试结果进行了比较,分析了激振力幅值和振动频率这两个施工参数对地表振动响应的影响。结果表明：密度放大法可有效提高数值模拟的计算效率,模拟沉桩7.0倍桩径（4.9 m）所需计算时间约为12.0 h,数值结果较好地模拟了现场测试中免共振沉桩的地表振动影响;激振力幅值和振动频率均主要对近场（水平距离为5.0倍桩径范围内）的地表振动有明显影响;临界沉桩深度与地表振动影响峰值相对应,该深度随水平距离先增大后趋于稳定;激振力幅值对临界沉桩深度的改变不明显,振动频率对远场临界沉桩深度则有较明显影响。     

The relative influence of climate and housing development on current and projected future fire patterns and structure loss across three California landscapes

Climate and land use patterns are expected to change dramatically in the coming century, raising concern about their effects on wildfire patterns and subsequent impacts to human communities. The relative influence of climate versus land use on fires and their impacts, however, remains unclear, particularly given the substantial geographical variability in fire-prone places like California. We developed a modeling framework to compare the importance of climatic and human variables for explaining fire patterns and structure loss for three diverse California landscapes, then projected future large fire and structure loss probability under two different climate (hot-dry or warm-wet) and two different land use (rural or urban residential growth) scenarios. The relative importance of climate and housing pattern varied across regions and according to fire size or whether the model was for large fires or structure loss. The differing strengths of these relationships, in addition to differences in the nature and magnitude of projected climate or land use change, dictated the extent to which large fires or structure loss were projected to change in the future. Despite this variability, housing and human infrastructure were consistently more responsible for explaining fire ignitions and structure loss probability, whereas climate, topography, and fuel variables were more important for explaining large fire patterns. For all study areas, most structure loss occurred in areas with low housing density (from 0.08 to 2.01 units/ha), and expansion of rural residential land use increased structure loss probability in the future. Regardless of future climate scenario, large fire probability was only projected to increase in the northern and interior parts of the state, whereas climate change had no projected impact on fire probability in southern California. Given the variation in fire-climate relationships and land use effects, policy and management decision-making should be customized for specific geographical regions.     

磁化率和密度对中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000 m岩石类型的判别

为查明磁化率和密度对于中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD)主孔100~2000m岩性的响应和判别特征,利用SPSS10.0统计分析软件进行了判别分析.研究结果显示,岩石的密度和体积磁化率主要受岩性的控制.采用迫入法建立全模型,对CCSD主孔100~2000m井段岩心的岩性判别率达84.8%.其中,蛇纹石化橄榄岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩、榴辉岩、角闪岩和退变质榴辉岩的判别率分别为100%、87.1%、89.7%、89.6%、96.7%和63.7%.该研究表明,密度和磁化率可以为超高压变质岩石的岩性鉴别和区分提供定量约束,有利于地球物理探测成果和测井资料的准确解析.同时,本文也是SPSS统计分析软件在超高压变质岩石类型判别方面的一个应用实例,对于其他岩石类型的判别分析具有借鉴意义.