四套降水资料在喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河上游流域的适用性分析

分析了2003-2009年基于卫星观测的降水数据CMORPH、 TMPA 3B42 v6、 中国科学院青藏高原研究所的融合数据ITPCAS和基于地面台站的APHRODITE (2003-2007)四套降水数据集在叶尔羌河上游流域的时空分布特征, 并以这四套降水数据为驱动, 利用VIC分布式水文模型对叶尔羌河上游流域的降水径流进行模拟.结果表明: 在空间分布上, 四套降水资料在叶尔羌河上游流域的差异较大, ITPCAS的空间分布与流域冰川的分布较一致, 基于冰川区即为大降水区的基本认知, 初步认为ITPCAS的空间分布比较合理; 其次是TMPA 3B42 v6和APHRODITE; 在流域的年降水量和季节分配量上, 由于缺乏高海拔地区的实测降水资料, 无法准确回答各套降水资料在量级上是否合理; 在时间序列上, 四套降水资料与流域站点降水(库鲁克栏杆站和塔什库尔干站的平均降水)存在着不同程度的差异.但从整体上看, CMORPH数据在一定程度上能够反映流域的月降水变化过程, 而APHRODITE和ITPCAS只能在个别年份对流域的降水描述较好; 在径流模拟上, 卫星降水数据CMORPH显示了作为水文模型输入数据的较大潜力; 而其他降水资料在叶尔羌河径流模拟中, 与实测径流在量和季节分配上可能存在较大偏差.     

安微歙县—休宁一带海相火山岩的Sm—Nd同位素研究及其地质意义

火山岩及其相关岩右的全岩sm一Nd等时线年龄龄测定表明，安徽省歙县-休宁一带 泛分布的海相火山岩形成于12.86亿年前。这一结果证实皖南地区与江南古陆东南缘其它地段一 样，也存在两个元古代岛弧系，即位于南部江湾一街口二带的晚元古代岛弧系及位于北部歙县一 休宁一带的中元古代岛弧系。Nd同位素特征研究表明，歇县一休宁一带的火山岩的Sm/Nd比值 都大于或接近于0.318(球粒陨石的现代标淮值)，Nd的初始值(143Nd/144Nd)1=0.511187,ε(Nd)(t)=+3.9±0.4,位于亏损地幔演化线附近。因此堆断，歙县一休宁一带海相火山岩可能来自亏损地幔源。     

安塞油田王侯杏坪地区长6下段沉积微相特征与油气分布

根据岩心观察并结合铸体薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析和测井资料,划分了安塞油田王侯杏坪地区长6油层长62、长63小层沉积微相类型,分析了沉积演化、沉积相与油气分布关系。结果表明:研究区以湖泊河控三角洲前缘亚相为主,发育水下分流河道、水下分流间湾、前缘席状沙和水下天然堤等沉积微相,骨架砂体为水下分流河道沉积;受河道迁徙冲刷影响,水下分流河道和分流间湾相间分布,形成研究区主要生储盖组合;沉积相对长6油层下段油藏分布起主要控制作用,油气聚集主要受分流河道砂体展布控制,储层发育的水下分流河道砂体是该区今后勘探的主要目标。     

蒙脱石对铬螯合物的吸附行为分析

研究了不同p H值、初始Cr3+浓度、温度、反应时间等条件下蒙脱石对Cr3+及螯合物[Cr(phen)3]3+的吸附行为,探讨了电动电位变化与吸附性能的关系。结果表明:蒙脱石吸附[Cr(phen)3]3+性能明显优于吸附Cr3+的性能,其主要原因在于蒙脱石对[Cr(phen)3]3+的吸附是静电引力及氢键、范德华力共同作用的结果,并且这种吸附能力基本不受介质酸碱性的影响。动力学研究表明两种吸附均符合准二级反应动力学模型。热力学研究表明蒙脱石对[Cr(phen)3]3+和Cr3+的吸附符合Langmuir的单层吸附模型。蒙脱石对[Cr(phen)3]3+和Cr3+的吸附的ΔG均小于零,而ΔH、ΔS都大于零,因此2种吸附均为自发、吸热和更无序的。     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Gold (III) after Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Selective Pre‐concentration with a Novel Dibenzo‐18‐Crown‐6 Derivative

A selective and sensitive method for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of gold with N,N′‐6,7,9,10,17,18,20,21‐octahydrodibenzo[b,k][1,4,7,10,13,16] hexaoxacyclo‐octadecine‐2,13–diylbis(2‐chloroacetamide) (ODBOCA) is described. The ODBOCA–Au(III) complex was extracted from a slightly acidic aqueous solution (pH 5) into a chloroform layer and then the absorbance of the extract was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer with 1.0 cm quartz cells at 540 nm. An enrichment factor of 200 was achieved. In the chloroform medium at 540 nm, the molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were 4.12 × 10³ l mol^?1 cm^?1 and 0.048 μg cm^?2, respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.5–15 μg ml^?1 in the measured solution. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate samples at the 1.0 μg ml^?1 level was 3.0%. The limit of detection, based on 3s, was 0.5 μg l^?1 in the original sample. The effects of pH, ligand concentration and shaking time were studied. The ratio of the metal ion to ligand molecules in the complex was found to be 1:2 according to the Job Method. The effects of interference by a number of metal ions were investigated. The method was verified with certified reference materials and spiked tests, and quantitative recovery values were obtained. The method was fast, accurate, selective and precise, and was applied to the determination of gold in water and ore with good results.     

微波碱性体系消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定固体废物中的六价铬

六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)是建设用地土壤及固体废物环境监测的必测指标之一,为了配套现行土壤环境质量标准,建立操作简便、准确精密的Cr(Ⅵ)前处理和分析测定方法势在必行。本文采用0.1mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液(pH=9.0)作为提取剂,微波炉消解,在优化的微波消解温度和时间内,保证了对固体样品基体的破坏作用,将晶格中的Cr(Ⅵ)全部释放到溶液中,并有效抑制了Cr(Ⅲ)氧化。用0.45μm滤膜在pH=9.0条件进行过滤后,可以将六价铬(溶液)与三价铬(沉淀)分离,借助电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)完成样品溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的定量。结果表明:当样品量为1.00g,微波消解温度为90℃,消解时间为20min时能够保证固体废物中Cr(Ⅵ)的完全提取及准确测定。方法检出限为0.057mg/kg,相对标准偏差(n=7)低于3.20%,与HJ 687标准方法进行比对,测得的相对偏差介于-5.6%~7.6%;实际固体废物中Cr(Ⅵ)的加标回收率为94.3%~96.6%。与前人相关的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(检出限0.83mg/kg,加标回收率均值87.2%)相比,本方法的检出限更低,样品前处理时间更短,自动化程度高,可应用于环境监测领域。     

CMIP6模式大气中南北半球际涛动的季节循环

利用1958—2014年47个CMIP6模式输出资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了模式大气中南北涛动(InterHemispheric Oscillation,IHO)的季节变化特征,且评估了CMIP6对IHO季节特征的模拟能力。结果表明:47个CMIP6模式都能模拟出IHO的季节演变特征,但模式间存在一定差异。通过比较,筛选出模拟IHO季节循环较好的16个模式,它们能成功模拟出半球大气质量的时间演变和空间结构。进一步分析表明,水汽对IHO季节变化有抵消作用且半球内部水汽质量变化可驱动越赤道质量流的产生;地表净短波辐射夏高冬低,其加热造成的水汽蒸发在水汽质量变化中起到重要作用;地表净长波辐射在春秋变化幅度较大,与大气质量逐月变化吻合。对比再分析资料表明,CMIP6模式模拟的半球大气质量的峰谷值变化有明显的月份偏差,且CMIP6模式模拟的地表气压异常值的偏差主要出现在北太平洋、欧亚大陆、南半球中纬度地区和两极极区,模拟的南北半球的蒸发和降水量、赤道风场、地表净长波和短波辐射通量等均存在明显的偏差。     

High-resolution climate variability of southwest China during 57-70 ka reflected in a stalagmite δ18O record from Xinya Cave

A 26-cm-long stalagmite (XY2) from Xinya Cave in northeastern Chongqing of China has been ICP-MS 230Th/U dated, showing a depositional hiatus at 2.3 cm depth from the top. The growth of the 2.3-26 cm interval determined by four dates was between 57 ka and 70 ka, with a linear growth rate of 0.023 mm/a.We have analyzed 190 samples for δ18O and δ13C, mostly in the 2.3-26 cm part. The δ18O and δ13C values between 57 ka and 70 ka reveal decadal-to-centennial climatic variability during the glacial interval of Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4), exhibiting much higher resolution than that of the published Hulu and Dongge records during this interval. Speleothem δ18O in eastern China, including our study area can be used as a proxy of summer monsoon strength, with lighter values pointing to stronger summer monsoon and higher precipitation, and vice versa. Two decreases in the δ18O signature of XY2 record around 59.5 and 64.5 Ka are argued to correspond to the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events 17 and 18 respectively. The Heinrich event 6 (H6) can be identified in the record as a heavy δ18O peak around 60 ka, indicating significant weakening of the monsoon in Chongqing during the cold period.The XY2 δ18O record shows very rapid change toward to the interstadial condition of the D-O event, but more gradual change toward to the cold stadial condition. This phenomenon found in the Greenland ice core records is rarely observed so clearly in previously published speleothem records. According to SPECMAP δ18O record, the glacial maximum of MIS 4 was around 64.5 ka with the boundary of MIS 3/4 around 60 ka. Unlike the marine record, the speleothem record of XY2, China, exhibits much high frequency variations without an apparent glacial maximum during MIS 4. However, the timing of MIS 3/4 boundary seems to be around 60 ka when the H6 terminated, in agreement with the marine chronology.The growth period of sample XY2 during glacial times probably reflects a local karstic routing of water,rather than having climatic significance.     

IPCC AR6报告关于不同类型干旱变化研究的新进展与启示

基于IPCC第一工作组(WGI)第六次评估报告(AR6),从干旱的定义和类型、干旱的驱动因素、监测到的干旱变化、干旱的归因以及预估5个方面进行了分析和总结.IPCC评估指出:(1)在全球变暖的背景下,监测到的气象和农业干旱的变化在全球尺度上并不显著,但干旱频发区域呈现不同程度的增加趋势.这种增加的趋势表明,人为气候变化...     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 Historical Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Simulation

The outputs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L) model for the baseline experiment of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulation in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) are described in this paper. The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model, experiment settings, and outputs are all given. In total,there are three ensemble experiments over the period 1979–2014, which are performed with different initial states. The model outputs contain a total of 37 variables and include the required three-hourly mean, six-hourly transient, daily and monthly mean datasets. The baseline performances of the model are validated at different time scales. The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can capture the basic patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation well, including the propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, activities of tropical cyclones, and the characterization of extreme precipitation. These datasets contribute to the benchmark of current model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.