Using Föhn conditions to characterize urban and regional sources of particles

Characterizations of urban and regional sources of particulate matter (PM) were performed in the Milan area (North of Italy) during Föhn and stagnant (non-Föhn) conditions. The measurements were performed at two different places: in an urban area North of Milan (Bresso) and in a regional area at the EMEP-GAW station in Ispra (about 65 km NW from Milan) during the winter periods of the years 2002–2007. Particle size distributions and chemical bulk analysis of aerosols are combined with single particle mass spectrometry to obtain information about the chemical content of the particles and their mixing state. Föhn conditions are characterized by extremely clean background air from which background aerosol is scavenged, and consequently local sources (here defined as sources between the sampling sites and the mountain range top about 100–150 km away depending on the wind direction) determine the aerosol properties.It was observed that during Föhn events the accumulation mode in the size range 50 nm < d < 300 nm practically disappears and that the size fraction below 50 nm dominates the total number distribution. The significant change in the number size distribution and the large decrease in PM10 mass during Föhn events are accompanied by a significant change in the chemical composition of the particles. Results from bulk chemical analysis showed high amounts of carbonaceous compounds and very low concentrations of ammonium nitrate (as indicator for secondary chemistry) during Föhn episodes, in contrast to stagnant conditions, when secondary components are dominating the aerosol composition. Single particle measurements confirm the high contribution of carbonaceous compounds in locally emitted particles.It was concluded that particles that originated in the urban area come mainly from combustion processes, especially direct traffic emissions, domestic heating and industrial activities, whereas the regionally emitted particles are different with much less traffic contribution.We estimate that under prevailing (non-Föhn) winter conditions, about 50–65% of the aerosol mass load in the city of Milan are caused by local emissions, and about 35–50% come from regional background. This finding suggests that in order to improve air quality in a big city like Milan, it is important to combine local traffic restriction interventions with other long-term regional scale air-quality-measures.     

GF-6卫星PMS相机在轨辐射特性自动化变化监测

传统人工场地试验方法效费比较低、单次试验不确定性大,难以满足卫星载荷高频次的辐射特性变化监测等,本文利用敦煌辐射定标场(以下称“敦煌场”)自动化设备,对GF-6卫星PMS传感器在轨运行以来的辐射特性进行了自动变化监测试验。经过4次同步试验数据分析表明,GF-6卫星自2018年发射以来,PMS相机辐射特性变化小于5%。     

GF-6影像应用于林地与非林地识别的潜力分析

为研究我国首颗携带红边波段的高分六影像（GF-6）在林地与非林地上的识别贡献,本文选择复杂林地类型的安徽省黄山市作为研究区,采用特征优选（RFE）与随机森林（RF）相结合的方法开展了林地与非林地识别潜力研究。首先根据实地调查、Google Earth影像及林地"一张图"样本数据构建了样本库;然后基于DEM、多时相光谱特征、植被指数、红边指数等特征开展分类,并比较不同模型精度及不同变量的重要度。结果表明：GF-6红边信息对林地非林地识别较为重要,引入红边信息可将总体分类精度提升2%,其他新增波段及地形特征对林地与非林地识别贡献并不明显;多时相数据的运用相比单时相数据可整体提高林地类型的分类精度2.93%~4.1%,单时相分类结果6月最好,9月次之,12月最差;特征优选可以有效减少数据输入维数（46到15）,并取得最高分类精度,在不牺牲精度的同时保证了运算数据量的减少且明确了不同变量的贡献,具有较强的应用意义。     

Datasets for the CMIP6 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) Simulations with the Coupled Model CAS FGOALS-f3-L

The datasets for the tier-1 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP)experiments from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model,finite-volume version 3(CAS FGOALS-f3-L)are described in this study.ScenarioMIP is one of the core MIP experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).Considering future CO2,CH4,N2O and other gases’concentrations,as well as land use,the design of ScenarioMIP involves eight pathways,including two tiers(tier-1 and tier-2)of priority.Tier-1 includes four combined Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs)with radiative forcing,i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,in which the globally averaged radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere around the year 2100 is approximately 2.6,4.5,7.0 and 8.5 W m?2,respectively.This study provides an introduction to the ScenarioMIP datasets of this model,such as their storage location,sizes,variables,etc.Preliminary analysis indicates that surface air temperatures will increase by about 1.89℃,3.07℃,4.06℃ and 5.17℃ by around 2100 under these four scenarios,respectively.Meanwhile,some other key climate variables,such as sea-ice extension,precipitation,heat content,and sea level rise,also show significant long-term trends associated with the radiative forcing increases.These datasets will help us understand how the climate will change under different anthropogenic and radiative forcings.     

IPCC AR6报告关于气候变化影响和风险主要结论的解读

文中对IPCC第六次评估报告第二工作组报告关于观测和预估的气候变化影响与风险方面的主要结论进行了解读。报告表明,气候变化已经对自然和人类系统造成了广泛的不利影响,尤其是气候变化下的复合风险和极端事件呈现日益加剧和频繁的趋势。目前,不同地区和部门的关键风险已多达127种,且随着气候变暖以及生态社会脆弱性的加剧,将对人类和生态系统造成更加普遍和不可逆的影响。相对第五次评估报告,本报告进一步扩展了风险的内涵,归纳了8个代表性关键风险,更加全面地评估了5个“关注理由”的风险水平,评估结果有利于加深对于气候变化影响的认识和及时制定行动对策。     

改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋的性能研究

文章研究了pH值、改性剂用量和改性时间对聚合氯化铝改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋效率的影响。实验结果表明：（1）在不同pH值条件下改性得到的聚合氯化铝改性膨润土对水溶液中Cr^6＋的去除效果明显不同。在80℃反应5 h制得的聚合氯化铝改性膨润土,在pH值=7的中性条件下改性得到的改性膨润土对水溶液中Cr^6＋（取0.5g聚合氯化铝改性膨润土处理5mg/L重铬酸钾溶液100ml）的去除率达到最大值（98.35%）。（2）改性剂用量对聚合氯化铝改性膨润土去除水溶液中Cr^6＋影响很大。当pH值=7,在80℃反应5 h的条件下改性膨润土,改性剂聚合氯化铝选用13mmol/g膨润土为宜。（3）改性时间对聚合氯化铝改性信阳膨润土去除Cr^6＋有一定的影响。当改性剂的用量为15mmol/g,pH值=9,反应温度为80℃条件下,最佳改性反应时间是4 h。     

Adsorption Behavior of Hexavalent Chromium in Vadose Zone

Adsorption behavior of Cr (VI) in vadose zone, which is silty clay and clayey soil, was studied through kinetics experiments, isothermal adsorption experiments under various conditions, including different ph, temperature and organic contents. The results from kinetics experiments showed that the sorption progress of Cr (VI) has clear features in different stages, and adsorption equilibrium showed at 30 min, the adsorption rate of silty clay and clayey soil were 60%. The isothermal adsorption curve of Cr (VI) fitted closely with Freundlich equation model. When pH is 3-5 a plateau were seen, thereafter with increase in pH the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) dropped sharply and the minimum achieved at pH 10, the adsorption rate were only 35%. Adsorption rate of Cr (VI) increased gradually with the increase of temperature, the temperature of vadose zone is 14.7 ℃, according to the experimental results, the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) is about 40%. The use of organics represents an important contribution to the sorption of Cr (VI), sorption rate up to 100% when 30% of organic content. These studies will provide basis for manager to minimize the impacts, and provide basic data for pollution prevention and remediation of vadose zone.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区长6储层油水识别及影响因素分析

延长组长6段是鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区的主要含油层位,储层岩性为近深湖相带薄而致密的泥质粉砂岩,其中大量发育的滑塌沉积进一步增加了储层非均质性和评价难度;为建立适合长6储层的油水识别标准及方法,从粘土成分、成岩作用、孔隙结构、地层水矿化度4方面分析其测井特征的影响因素,在143口井长6段试油资料标定下,分析含油性与测井参数或测井组合参数的响应关系。结果表明选用综合反映储层物性特征的组合参数(△t×(USP/SSP)×(1-△GR))与深感应曲线LID(地层真电阻率Rt)制作交会图,能较好的区分出油层与非油层;在此基础上编制AC-Rt交会图可进一步将水层、干层和个别油水同层逐次区分,达到有效定性区分油、水层为油田射孔选层提供依据。     

改性红辉沸石去除水溶液中Cr^6＋的性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法将天然红辉沸石与铝镁改性剂合成,制备了改性红辉沸石,并用改性红辉沸石对摸拟含重金属Cr^6＋的废水进行了实验研究。探讨了改性剂用量、活化温度及活化时间等因素对除Cr^6＋效果的影响。实验结果表明：改性时红辉沸石、氯化镁、氯化铝三者质量比为2∶1∶1,处理100mL含Cr^6＋废水时活化温度240℃,活化时间1h,废水含Cr^6＋100mg/L时,Cr^6＋去除率为99.2%。     

靖安油田大路沟二区长6_1油层沉积微相研究

通过岩心观察、大量测井及相关测试资料分析统计,确定了大路沟二区长6_1油层的沉积类型为三角洲前缘亚相沉积,主要发育水下分流河道、河道侧翼、分流间湾及河口砂坝四种微相,分析了各种沉积微相的特征。研究表明水下分流河道微相是长6_1油层的主要沉积微相,水下分流河道砂为储集层骨架砂体。同时对长6_1油层各小层的沉积微相平面展布和砂体展布特点进行了分析,认为油气的聚集主要受沉积微相的控制,水下分流河道为长6_1油层良好的储集层,是研究区油气开发的方向。