铁磁形状记忆合金研究进展与展望（Ⅱ）：本构模型

阐述了铁磁形状记忆合金（Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy,简写为FSMA）本构模型研究的重要性。以时间为顺序,重点介绍了FSMA本构模型研究的发展历程和研究现状。仔细分析了各种FSMA本构模型在理论基础、适用范围、精度以及复杂程度等方面的特点,讨论了各种理论应用于FSMA本构模型的局限性,指出了它们在面向应用时存在的问题。研究表明,由于FSMA兼具磁致形状记忆效应、热弹性形状记忆效应等多种独特性能,使对其本构模型的研究存在一定困难,进一步的研究还有待开展。最后指出,对既能揭示FSMA微观机理又能预测其宏观热磁力学行为的本构模型、描述FSMA所有特性的统一模型、面向应用的FSMA简化本构模型等问题,尚有待深入研究。     

绳索取心复合钻柱的动力学行为研究

绳索取心复合钻柱在岩心钻探“满眼钻进”过程中,钻杆易出现不同程度的划痕、压痕及磨痕等情况。本文利用非线性有限元方法,采用三维管单元对绳索取心复合钻柱拉压两处截面的涡动轨迹、涡动速度、横向振动、纵向振动规律进行了分析。结果表明：转速的增加和钻压的增大会显著增加钻柱与井壁的碰撞次数;在相同钻压条件下,随着钻柱回转速度的增大,钻柱与井壁的碰撞机率增加、接触轨迹增长,致使钻柱与孔壁的滑动摩擦机会增多;钻柱的涡动速度均值将随钻压和转速的增加而增大,转速大于钻压的影响;转速的增加则会加大钻柱的横向振荡频率,钻压的增大会增加钻柱横截面的纵向振荡幅值。     

Metallic Iron for Water Treatment: A Critical Review

Water treatment with metallic iron (Fe⁰) is still based on the premise that Fe⁰ is a reducing agent. An alternative concept stipulates that contaminants are removed by adsorption, co‐precipitation, and size‐exclusion in a reactive filtration process. This article underlines the universal validity of the alternative concept. It is shown that admixing non‐expansive material to Fe⁰ as a pre‐requisite for sustainable Fe⁰‐based filtration systems. Fe⁰‐based filters are demonstrated an affordable, appropriate, and efficient decentralized water treatment technology.     

Optimal design of superelastic‐friction base isolators for seismic protection of highway bridges against near‐field earthquakes

The seismic response of a multi‐span continuous bridge isolated with novel superelastic‐friction base isolator (S‐FBI) is investigated under near‐field earthquakes. The isolation system consists of a flat steel‐Teflon sliding bearing and a superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) device. The key design parameters of an S‐FBI system are the natural period of the isolated bridge, the yielding displacement of the SMA device, and the friction coefficient of the sliding bearings. The goal of this study is to obtain optimal values for each design parameter by performing sensitivity analysis of a bridge isolated by an S‐FBI system. First, a three‐span continuous bridge is modeled as two‐degrees‐of‐freedom with the S‐FBI system. A neuro‐fuzzy model is used to capture rate‐ and temperature‐dependent nonlinear behavior of the SMA device. Then, a set of nonlinear time history analyses of the isolated bridge is performed. The variation of the peak response quantities of interest is shown as a function of design parameters of the S‐FBI system and the optimal values for each parameter are evaluated. Next, in order to assess the effectiveness of the S‐FBI system, the response of the bridge isolated by the S‐FBI system is compared with the response of the non‐isolated bridge and the same bridge isolated by pure‐friction (P‐F) sliding isolation system. Finally, the influence of temperature variations on the performance of the S‐FBI system is evaluated. The results show that the optimum design of a bridge with the S‐FBI system can be achieved by a judicious specification of design parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical characteristics of chromian spinel in plutonic rocks: Implications for deep magma processes and discrimination of tectonic setting

We summarize chemical characteristics of chromian spinels from ultramafic to mafic plutonic rocks (lherzolites, harzburgites, dunites, wehrlites, troctolites, olivine gabbros) with regard to three tectonic settings (mid‐ocean ridge, arc, oceanic hotspot). The chemical range of spinels is distinguishable between the three settings in terms of Cr# (= Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio) and Ti content. The relationships are almost parallel with those of chromian spinels in volcanic rocks, but the Ti content is slightly lower in plutonics than in volcanics at a given tectonic environment. The Cr# of spinels in plutonic rocks is highly diverse; its ranges overlap between the three settings, but extend to higher values (up to 0.8) in arc and oceanic hotspot environments. The Ti content of spinels in plutonics increases, for a given lithology, from the arc to oceanic hotspot settings by mid‐ocean ridge on average. This chemical diversity is consistent with that of erupted magmas from the three settings. If we systematically know the chemistry of chromian spinels from a series of plutonic rocks, we can estimate their tectonic environments of formation. The spinel chemistry is especially useful in dunitic rocks, in which chromian spinel is the only discriminating mineral. Applying this, discordant dunites cutting mantle peridotites were possibly precipitated from arc‐related magmas in the Oman ophiolite, and from an intraplate tholeiite in the Lizard ophiolite, Cornwall.     

水浴消解-顺序注射-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定铁矿石中砷和汞

采用水浴加热低温消解浸取铁矿石样品,顺序注射-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定铁矿石样品中砷和汞的含量.选择了消解试剂,研究了硼氢化钾浓度、载气流量、屏蔽气流量、溶液酸介质、载流、溶液酸碱比例、样品中的主要基体元素等因素对砷和汞测定的干扰,并确立了适宜的测定条件.砷浓度在0～100 μg/L与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,砷的...     

新疆金山金矿床中Cu-Zn合金矿物的发现及其地质意义

在研究新疆金山金矿床物质组分的过程中,通过对矿石矿物进行反光显微镜下观察与电子探针分析,发现了Cu-Zn合金矿物。与国内外已发现的Cu-Zn合金矿物相比,所发现的Cu-Zn合金矿物中Cu含量(81.35%～85.36%,平均83.75%)较高,Zn含量(6.08%～10.10%,平均为7.39%)较低,并含少量的Sn(4.13%～6.75%,平均为5.23%)、Ni(0.88%～1.38%,平均为1.05%),属于为α相Cu-Zn合金矿物。Cu-Zn合金矿物在自然界极为罕见,其生成条件也很独特。结合金山金矿成矿特征和形成条件,作者认为该Cu-Zn合金矿物是在热液成矿晚阶段(第Ⅳ阶段)强还原条件下的缺氧、缺硫环境中形成的。     

氧分压对Ni-Cr-Fe合金氧化成膜特性影响的研究

以铸态Ni-Cr-Fe合金为试样,于1 050℃湿氢气氛下恒温氧化20 h。通过氧化增重、SEM/EDS以及薄膜X-射线衍射等方法研究了氧分压对该合金在弱氧化性气氛下氧化成膜特性的影响。结果表明:表面氧化膜从外到内氧化物组成依次为:MnCr2O4、Cr2O3以及SiO2。氧化膜的厚度、组成及形貌与体系的氧分压密切相关,中等氧分压(15.9×10-18atm)有利于表面尖晶石的形成;较低氧分压有利于形成厚而多孔的氧化膜,而高氧分压则趋向于形成薄而致密的氧化膜。     

Phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys up to 300 GPa: Implications for composition and structure of the Earth's inner core

We have investigated the phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys with 18 to 50 wt.% Ni up to over 300 GPa using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements show the wide stability of hcp-iron up to 301 GPa and 2000 K and 319 GPa and 300 K without phase transition to dhcp, orthorhombic, or bcc phases. On the other hand, the incorporation of nickel has a remarkable effect on expanding the stability field of fcc phase. The geometry of the temperature–composition phase diagram of iron–nickel alloys suggests that the hcp–fcc–liquid triple point is located at 10 to 20 wt.% Ni at the pressure of the inner core boundary. The fcc phase could crystallize depending on the nickel and silicon contents in the Earth's core, both of which are fcc stabilizer.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镁基合金中的铍和镍

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镁基合金中的铍和镍.研究并校正了基体对待测元素的影响.方法简单、快速.对含铍11.4×10^-6、镍9.25×10^-6的样品11份测定,相对标准偏差分别为3.5%、4.3%,铍、镍回收率分别为98.8%、97.5%.