风成沙系统去除官厅水库水中化学需氧量的效果

试验表明 ,在水力负荷为 1 .0～ 1 .5m/d ,沙层湿干时间比为 1 2∶1 2 (h)条件下 ,风成沙污染水处理系统稳定后对化学需氧量 (CODCr)平均去除率约为 61 % ,CODCr<1 5mg/L ,优于《地表水环境质量标准 (GHZB1 -1 999)》规定的Ⅰ类标准。影响处理效果的因素主要有进水水质、沙层湿干时间比、水力负荷和滤层厚度等     

乳化植物油强化土著微生物修复中高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水

以天然细砂为微生物来源,模拟研究了乳化植物油强化原位生物修复中高浓度Cr（Ⅵ）污染地下水的可行性,考察了修复效果及修复过程中地下水质变化及产物的稳定性。结果表明,反应77 d后,Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度分别从20.0、30.0、50.0、80.0、110.0 mg/L降低到0.0、5.8、19.0、43.6、65.8 mg/L,去除率分别为100.0%、80.7%、61.9%、45.5%、40.2%。反应后介质中Cr形态分析表明,其主要以能在自然条件下稳定存在的铁锰结合态和有机结合态形式存在。此外,随反应进行,实验体系逐渐呈弱酸性环境,pH为5.80~6.70。当Cr被完全还原后,体系会发生异化铁还原,Fe（Ⅱ）质量浓度逐渐升高,最高可达117.0 mg/L,最终形成二价铁矿物。综上所述,天然细砂介质中的土著微生物能够利用乳化植物油强化并还原地下水中的中、高浓度Cr（Ⅵ）,且产物能够在自然状态下稳定存在,修复过程对地下环境的影响较小。     

膨润土负载纳米铁去除地下水中六价铬研究

随着人民生活水平的提高和城市化进程的加快,有机污染物及重金属高强度场地污染对人类健康、生态环境及社会安全构成了严重威胁。地下水中的重金属Cr(Ⅵ)污染逐渐受到重视,纳米零价铁可以有效地将六价铬还原成三价铬,使其沉淀固定下来,从而将污染源区的污染物消减固定,防止其向周围扩散。然而由于纳米铁颗粒微小,易被氧化,极易团聚,自身活性受到限制,因此,纳米铁的分散性、稳定性、良好活性研究至关重要。采用低成本环境友好型粘土矿膨润土作为负载材料制备膨润土负载纳米铁（B-NZVI）,批实验和柱实验研究B NZVI去除模拟地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)。结果表明：(1)自制的膨润土负载纳米铁个体呈球形,呈分散状负载于膨润土;(2)相同铁含量的B-NZVI处理Cr(Ⅵ)的效率远大于纳米铁,还原反应符合伪一级反应动力学模型,表观速率常数K随着B NZVI初始浓度的减小而减小;(3)B NZVI在石英砂柱中基本无迁移,适用于点源污染,Cr(Ⅵ)穿透曲线为B-NZVI的实际应用提供了理论和实验基础。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段仁布豆荚状铬铁矿成因及构造意义

藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带为目前国内铬铁矿储量最大的缝合带.本文报道了缝合带中段仁布蛇绿岩的豆荚状铬铁矿床,围绕矿床特征开展成因探讨,对缝合带的形成演化和成矿作用提供新制约.仁布蛇绿岩呈近东西走向带状产出,主要由近30个大小不等的地幔橄榄岩体组成.地幔橄榄岩体主要为经历不同程度蛇纹石化的方辉橄榄岩和少量纯橄岩.在纯橄岩和方辉...     

The influence of Cr on the garnet–spinel transition in the Earth''s mantle: experiments in the system MgO–Cr2O3–SiO2 and thermodynamic modelling

The position of the transition from spinel peridotite to garnet peridotite in a simplified chemical composition has been determined experimentally at high pressures and high temperatures. The univariant reaction MgCr₂O₄+2Mg₂Si₂O₆=Mg₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂+Mg₂SiO₄, has a negative slope in P–T space between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The experimental results, combined with assessed thermodynamic data for MgCr₂O₄, MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ give the entropy and enthalpy of formation of knorringite garnet (Mg₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂). Thermodynamic calculations in simplified chemical compositions indicate that Cr shifts the garnet-in reaction to much higher pressures than previously anticipated. Moreover, in Cr-bearing systems a pressure–temperature field exists where garnet and spinel coexist. The width of this divariant field strongly depends on the Cr/(Cr+Al) of the system.     

基于硫酸盐还原菌作用的油菜秆固定床处理模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水

探讨了固定床除Cr工艺以油菜秆为微生物生长的缓释碳源,含SRB的混合微生物和油菜秆对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原和固定的共同作用。动态实验分2阶段开展：初始2周的驯化阶段和梯度增加Cr（Ⅵ）浓度的除Cr实验阶段。除Cr实验中,间歇对固定床出水pH、氧化还原电位、SO42-及硫化物浓度、DOC、Cr（Ⅵ）浓度进行测试,实验结束后对固定床中固体产物进行SEM、EDS和XPS等分析。结果表明,油菜秆固定床处理模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水效果明显。当进水Cr（Ⅵ）浓度ρ[Cr（Ⅵ）]〈19.52 mg/L时,出水Cr（Ⅵ）和Cr（Ⅲ）浓度均低于排放标准（0.05 mg/L）;Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,Cr（Ⅲ）以氢氧化物的形式沉淀附着于油菜秆和其它固体物质之上。分析认为,油菜秆在固定床处理模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水中所起的作用主要包括3方面（作为微生物生长的缓释碳源;吸附Cr（Ⅵ）,降低其对微生物的毒性;作为Cr（Ⅲ）矿化产物的沉淀附着界面）;Cr（Ⅵ）主要通过SRB的直接作用及H2S的作用被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）;以油菜秆为碳源的固定床处理Cr（Ⅵ）的浓度上限介于15.05～19.52mg/L之间。     

Chromium speciation in oxide-type compounds: application to minerals,gems, aqueous solutions and silicate glasses

Cr K-edge XANES spectra were obtained for a variety of Cr-bearing model compounds containing Cr(II), Cr(III), Cr(IV), Cr(V) and Cr(VI), in which the Cr-site symmetry is D4h, Oh and Td. The centroid position of the pre-edge feature is a better indicator of the Cr valence than the edge position. In Cr-rich oxides, higher-energy transitions must be excluded in order to refine a robust valence for Cr. The pre-edge for chromates is not unique and varies as a function of the CrO₄ ^2? moiety distortion, which is often related to Cr-polymerization (monochromate vs. dichromate). Both the analogy with the Mn K-pre-edge information and ab initio FEFF calculations of the pre-edge feature for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) confirm the experimental trends. This methodology is applied to the Cr K-edge pre-edge feature collected in gems (emerald, spinel and ruby), the layered minerals fuchsite and kämmererite, two Cr-bearing aqueous solutions and a set of sodo-calcic silicate glasses used for bottling sparkling white wine. In emerald and fuchsite, the Cr-site is differently distorted than its ruby or spinel counterpart. In a Cr(III)-bearing aqueous solution and sodo-calcic glass, no evidence for Cr(III) with Td and C3v symmetry is detected. However, minor amounts of chromate moieties (most likely monomeric) are detected in a glass synthesized in air. Preliminary spectra for the wine bottle glass suggest that only trace amounts of chromates might possibly be present in these glasses.     

基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法

土-水分配系数（K_d）是表征重金属污染物在土壤包气带中迁移能力的重要参数,受污染物质量浓度、pH值、有机质质量分数、铁铝氧化物质量分数等多种因素影响。本文通过实验研究了分配系数与各种影响因素之间的关系,基于多元回归分析方法得到了分配系数与影响因素的关系方程;并以分配系数、泄漏量、土壤孔隙度、初始含水率为风险因子建立了地下水污染风险评价方法。以某工厂铬废液的泄露为案例,采用构建的方法进行地下水污染风险评价。结果表明：该处地下水被污染的风险等级为中等。地下水污染风险评价方法的建立为重金属污染地下水的监测管理提供了一种有效方法。     

Interaction between Cr(VI) and a Fe-rich soil in the presence of oxalic and tartaric acids

This study examined the interaction between Cr(VI) and a Fe-rich soil in the presence of low-molecular-weight organic acids as a function of pH. Oxalic and tartaric acids were chosen since they existed in soils commonly. Batch experiments showed that adsorption of Cr(VI) by the soil within the pH range examined was inhibited in the presence of oxalic acid, which was more pronounced when the initial ratio of [oxalic acid]/[Cr(VI)] was raised from 1:1 to 2:1. With the addition of tartaric acid, concentration of Cr(VI) in equilibrium solutions was far less than that of single adsorbate system across the pH wide (2.5–5.5), which was noticeable especially at low pH. The results were attributed to Cr(VI) adsorption and, particularly, the soil surface catalyzed reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by tartaric acid. The data reported in this paper suggested that the mobility, the bioavailability, and the toxicity of Cr(VI) in soil environments might be greatly affected by pH, the presence and nature of low-weight-molecular organic acids (oxalic and tartaric acids).     

Oxidation mechanisms and chemical bioavailability of chromium in agricultural soil – pH as the master variable

Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that exists in soils in two stable oxidation states, +III and +VI. The trivalent species is an essential nutrient, whereas the hexavalent species is highly toxic. This study investigated the environmental impact of Cr^III potentially released into soil from wastes and various materials by determining the risk of oxidation of initially soluble inorganic Cr^III into hazardous Cr^VI. The principal aim was to describe the pH-dependent mechanisms that regulate 1) the formation of Cr^VI from the easily soluble Cr^III and 2) the potential bioavailability of Cr^III and that of Cr^VI species produced in the oxidation of Cr^III in agricultural soil (fine sand, organic carbon 3.2%). The amount of Cr^VI formed in oxic soil conditions was regulated by two counteracting reactions: 1) oxidation of Cr^III into Cr^VI by manganese oxide (Mn^IVO₂) and 2) the subsequent reduction of Cr^VI by organic matter back to Cr^III. The effect of pH on this net-oxidation of Cr^III and on the chemical availability of both Cr^III and Cr^VI species was investigated in soil samples incubated with or without excessive amounts of synthetic MnO₂, over the chemically adjusted pH range of 3.9–6.3 (+22 °C, 47 d). In soil subsamples without added MnO₂, the net-oxidation of Cr^III into Cr^VI (1 mM CrCl₃ in soil suspensions, 1:10 w/V) was negligible. As for the MnO₂-treated soils, at maximum only 4.7% of added Cr^III was oxidized – regardless of the high oxidation potential of these subsamples. The lowest production of Cr^VI was observed under acidic soil conditions at pH ∼4. At low pH, the net-oxidation diminished as result of enhanced reduction of Cr^VI back to Cr^III. At higher pHs, the oxidation was limited by enhanced precipitation (or adsorption) of Cr^III, which lowered the overall amount of Cr^III susceptible for oxidation. Moreover, the oxidation reactions by MnO₂ were inhibited by formation of Cr(OH)₃ coverage on its surface. The pH-dependent chemical bioavailability of added Cr^III differed from that of the Cr^VI formed. At elevated pHs the chemical availability of Cr^III decreased, whereas that of Cr^VI produced increased. However, the risk of Cr^VI formation through oxidation of the easily soluble inorganic Cr^III was considered to be low in agricultural soils high in organic matter and low in innate MnO₂.