中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

Physical Modeling of Fold-and-Thrust Belt Evolution and Triangle Zone Development:Dabashan Foreland Belt(Northeast Sichuan basin,China) as an Example

Triangle zones,generally found in foreland fold-and-thrust belts,serve as favorable objects of petroleum exploration.Taking the Dabashan foreland belt as an example,we studied the formation and development of triangle zones,and investigated the effect of decollements and the mechanical contrast of lithology by employing the method of physical modeling.Four experimental models were conducted in the work.The results showed that ’sand wedges’ grew episodically,recorded by deformational length,height and slope angle.The height versus shortening rate presented an S-shape curve,and uplifting occurred successively in the direction of the foreland belt.During the formation of the triangle zone,layer-parallel shortening took place at the outset;deformation decoupling then occurred between the upper and lower brittle layers,divided by a middle-embedded silicone polymers layer.The upper brittle layers deformed mainly by folding,while the lower sand layers by thrusting. As shortening continued,the geometry of a triangle zone was altered.We consider that the triangle zone in the Dabashan foreland belt was modified from an early one based on available seismic profiles and the experimental results.In addition,decollements and mechanical contrast impose significant influence on structural development,which can directly give rise to structural discrepancies.More decollements and obvious mechanical contrast between brittle layers can promote the coupling between the upper and lower brittle layers.Basal decollement controls the whole deformation and decreases the slope angle of the wedge,while roof decollement determines whether a triangle zone can be formed.     

高能离子束流引起低频电磁波动的特性

理论和数值模拟研究了日冕区高速低密离子束流与等离子体相互作用产生的低频电磁波动特征. 结果表明,在线性阶段,系统波动主要表现为短波长的非共振模的激发;在非线性阶段,长波模占优,短波长波逐渐衰减,此时系统波动表现为具有Alfvén波动特征,波的能谱为双幂律谱. 这些结果可用来解释太阳风中的Alfvén湍动现象.     

The surface properties of Malan loess and its application to removing Cr（Ⅲ） from contaminated water

Loess has unique compositions and structural characteristics and can be used for environmental protection. Differences between the surface characteristics of the Malan loess from the suburbs of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province before and after reaction with Cr(III) solution were studied by SEM/EDS, IR and XRD. The results showed that the Malan loess has a strong ability to remove Cr(III) from the solution. The surface characteristics of loess include an effect on Cr(III) in solution, as supported by the strong test evidence including the disappearance of Cr peak in the EDS spectrum, the disappearance of carbonate characteristic peaks in the infrared spectrogram, and the positive correlation between Fe and Cr peaks.     

基于GIS冰川末端变化计算方法研究——以北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川为例

基于冰川区地形图和实地GPS测量数据,总结4种用于计算冰川末端变化量的方法:主流线法、中心线法、周长法和特征点法,并提出基于GIS的操作思路.分析了各种方法的优缺点,阐述了各种方法在使用中的注意事项.建议使用最短距离的特征点法计算冰川末端变化量,并且以前一期的特征点向后一期的冰川边界搜索最短距离.通过把方法应用在北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川,结果表明,自2005年观测以来北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端呈现退缩趋势,年均退缩量为9.44m.a-1,年际变差系数为0.40,冰川末端变化量年际变化较大.     

Effects of indigenous bacteria on Cr(VI) reduction in Cr-contaminated sediment with industrial wastes

Black, clay-like sediments have been obtained from the area of the pigment manufacturing factories in Dongducheon city, Korea. These sediments were contaminated by heavy metals, especially chromium (700 mg/kg). Indigenous bacteria in the sediments were isolated to investigate their ability to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The enriched bacterial consortium reduced over 99% of dissolved Cr(VI) in 96 h from the onset of the experiments under anaerobic condition, while there was no change in Cr(VI) concentration until 300 h in abiotic controls. Total amount of dissolved Cr decreased simultaneously when Cr(VI) was reduced, which was likely due to precipitation of Cr(OH)₃ after microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Under aerobic condition, only 30% of dissolved Cr(VI) was reduced by indigenous bacteria until 900 h. The reduction of Cr(VI) did not accompany bacterial growth since the amount of protein did not show a significant change with time both in the presence and absence of O₂. These indigenous bacteria may play a role in the treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated sediments.     

新疆吐尔库班套蛇绿混杂岩的发现及其地质意义

蛇绿岩作为残留洋壳的良好记录,对于研究古板块构造及其演化具有重要意义。新发现的吐尔库班套蛇绿混杂岩位于新疆阿尔泰布尔津南部,主要由超镁铁岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩、复理石建造等构成。其中辉长岩和片麻状花岗岩的锆石U Pb年龄在363～355 Ma,指示蛇绿岩的形成、洋壳俯冲时代在晚泥盆世晚期。岩石地球化学特征表明,该蛇绿岩套的镁铁超镁铁岩和玄武岩属低碱、低钛、富镁的拉斑玄武岩系列,具有较典型的幔源岩石特征,玄武岩形成于类似洋中脊的构造环境。混杂岩带中的片麻状花岗岩属于钠质的低钾岩石系列,形成于火山弧或同碰撞构造环境,亦为洋壳俯冲的结果。吐尔库班套蛇绿岩与科克森套、乔夏哈拉、布尔根蛇绿岩一起构成了沿额尔齐斯分布的蛇绿混杂岩带,构成了分割西伯利亚板块和哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的斋桑-科克森套-南蒙古缝合带。     

洋板块地层学的概念、模式、组成及失序变化*

着重介绍了洋板块地层的概念、模式、组成及失序变化特征。造山带混杂岩和大陆边缘增生复合体是经历俯冲碰撞消亡后的古洋沉积记录,利用微体古生物地层学和同位素年代学方法可以重建造山带混杂岩和大陆边缘增生复合体的原始地层。洋板块地层(学)是用来描述沉淀在洋壳基底之上的沉积岩和火成岩序列的术语,其开始于洋中脊形成,终止于该洋中脊被移入到汇聚边缘增生楔。从造山带混杂岩中重建的古大洋地层的基本组成大体相似,但因大洋岩石圈的岩浆背景不同,造成不同时期和不同类型的洋板块地层组成也会有差异。在前人研究成果的基础上, 笔者通过对不同类型洋板块地层进行分类,介绍了如何从经历碰撞造山过程的增生造山带进行洋板块地层的重建。引入“洋板块地层学”概念的主要目的在于通过对因俯冲增生而消亡的具有洋壳基底的构造洋盆和边缘海盆地的地层单元进行重建,恢复已消失洋的地层组成单元,这对造山带地层解析、造山带构造古地理恢复、重大构造变革期古地理学研究和板块重建等都将起到积极的促进作用。     

北极新奥尔松全新世冰碛物物理化学特征及环境意义

冰碛物是全球的一个主要粉尘源,联系着全球气候、大气气溶胶、海洋元素和生产力的变化。过去对粉尘,特别是沙漠、黄土的研究主要集中在中纬度地区,但对来自高纬度的冰川粉尘研究较少。为了解现代高纬度冰缘环境下冰川作用、搬运作用和化学风化对冰碛物的物理化学性质的影响,本文以北极新奥尔松Austre Lovénbreen冰川（简称A冰川,下同）深度小于5cm的冰碛物（包括小冰期冰碛物和冰沼土）≤2mm组分为对象,测定了小冰期（Little Ice Age,简称LIA）冰碛物和冰沼土的粒径、磁化率以及元素组成。研究表明：1）A冰川冰碛物粒径组成以砂级为主（>63μm）、粉砂级次之（2~63μm）、粘粒最少（ < 2μm）。A冰川冰碛物大部分呈双峰或多峰特征,LIA冰碛物典型双峰峰值为10~30μm和100~200μm;冰沼土为30~60μm和300~450μm。近岸LIA冰碛物和冰沼土相对冰川末端LIA冰碛物具有较粗的平均粒径及较高的正偏度,表明其在沉积之后受搬运作用影响损失了细组分。2）A冰川冰碛物磁化率介于5.5×10^-8~11.4×10^-8m³/kg之间,平均值为7.7×10^-8m³/kg。LIA冰碛物磁化率与总铁含量呈正相关,主要受母岩和搬运作用制约,未受成壤作用影响。3）A冰川冰沼土与LIA冰碛物相比,富Si,但贫Al、Fe、K、Ca、Mg等元素;LIA冰碛物平均化学组成与洛川黄土和上部大陆地壳（Upper Continental Crust,简称UCC）非常接近。A冰川冰碛物CIA平均值为58.57,反映冰缘环境较弱的化学风化条件。A冰川冰碛物CIA值集中分布在UCC至黄土的平均化学组成风化趋势线上,证明了黄土粉尘起源于由一系列的冰川和高山作用产生的沉积物的可能性。分析结果表明,在弱风化的冰缘环境下,CIA值能从整体上反映LIA冰碛物和冰沼土的化学风化差异,但对沉积年龄小的LIA冰碛物而言,搬运作用引起的粒度组成差异和相应的不同矿物类型和含量的改变或是CIA值变化的主要原因。

     

西安市街道灰尘中铬、镉、铅赋存状态及环境效应

本文通过对街道灰尘中铬、镉、铅三种元素赋存状态研究、铬、铅在街道灰尘中以残渣态为主，镉以有机质结合态为主。虽然铬、铅、镉存在形式稍有差异，但其在街道灰尘中主要以矿物质的形态存在，说明其比较稳定，不易迁移转化，对环境的危害比较持久。在治理措施上应有早遏止微量元素向环境中排放，以免其与灰尘发生相互作用对环境造成长期的危害。