Gold paragenesis and chemistry at Batu Hijau, Indoneisa: implications for gold-rich porphyry copper deposits

Gold is an important by-product in many porphyry-type deposits but the distribution and chemistry of gold in such systems remains poorly understood. Here we report the results of petrographic, electron microprobe, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and flotation test studies of gold and associated copper sulfides within a paragenetic framework from the world-class Batu Hijau (914 mt @ 0.53% Cu, 0.40 g/t Au) porphyry copper–gold deposit, Indonesia. Unlike many other porphyry copper–gold deposits, early copper minerals (bornite–digenite–chalcocite) are well preserved at Batu Hijau and the chalcopyrite–pyrite overprint is less developed. Hence, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the entire gold paragenesis of the porphyry system. In 105 polished thin sections, 699 native gold grains were identified. Almost all of the native gold grains occurred either within quartz veins, attached to sulfide, or as free gold along quartz or silicate grain boundaries. The native gold grains are dominantly round in shape and mostly 1–12 m in size. The majority of gold was deposited during the formation of early A veins and is dominantly associated with bornite rather than chalcopyrite. The petrographic and LA-ICP-MS study results indicate that in bornite-rich ores gold mostly occurs within copper sulfide grains as invisible gold (i.e., within the sulfide structure) or as native gold grains. In chalcopyrite-rich ores gold mostly occurs as native gold grains with lesser invisible gold. Petrographic observations also indicate a higher proportion of free gold (native gold not attached to any sulfide) in chalcopyrite-rich ores compared to bornite rich ores. The pattern of free gold distribution appears to correlate with the flotation test data, where the average gold recovery value from chalcopyrite-rich ores is consistently lower than bornite-rich ores. Our data suggest that porphyry copper-gold deposits with chalcopyrite-rich ores are more likely to have a higher proportion of free gold and may require different ore processing strategies.Editorial handling: R. P. Richards     

安徽铜陵狮子山铜矿床中伴生金的赋存状态及提高回收率途径

狮子山铜矿床中伴生金以矿物态为主，金矿物主要为银金矿和金银矿。根据金矿物的粒度、嵌布状态及载金矿物特征，结合金在选矿流程中的趋向分析，提出了应考虑采取在浮选前增加重选，并注意破碎同分级设备凹槽中滞留的单体金的回收来提高金回收率的建议。     

安徽铜山矿床成矿物质来源及成矿作用探讨

铜山铜矿床是长江中下游铜铁成矿带的重要矿床之一，对其成矿物质以前多认为来自单一的岩浆期后热液。通过综合分析成矿元素在各地质体中的分布及矿床同位素地球化学特征，认为：其成矿物质来源复杂，具多源性；不同类型矿石其成矿环境不同；围岩在成矿作用过程中提供了部分物质来源；花岗斑岩岩体、层间滑脱构造及有利围岩组合是矿床成矿的主要因素。     

西藏舍索铜多金属矿床岩相学、矿相学特征及其成因意义

舍索矿床位于西藏申扎县境内,为小型矽卡岩型富铜多金属矿床。本文在大量的野外地质调查、室内岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜与电镜能谱以及ICP-MS分析测试的基础上,查明其岩相学与矿相学特征。舍索矿床形成过程可分为5个阶段:(1)磁铁矿+辉砷钴矿+自然铋+大量石榴石+少量透辉石,形成温度达到800℃;(2)硫铜钴矿+辉钼矿+硫铜铋矿+硫银铋矿+针硫铋铅矿+透辉石;(3)硫铋铜矿+含铋斑铜矿+绿帘石+次闪石+黑云母;(4)黄铜矿+不含铋斑铜矿+闪锌矿+绿帘石+绿泥石,形成温度约228℃;(5)低温磁铁矿+菱铁矿+碲银矿+低温石英+燧石。主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、自然铜、蓝辉铜矿、蓝铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉钼矿、自然铋、硫铋铜矿、硫铜铋矿、硫银铋矿、硫铜(银)铋矿、针硫铋铅矿、硫铜钴矿、镍黄铁矿、辉砷钴矿和含钴斜方砷铁矿。主要的有用金属元素为铜、铅、锌、铋、铟等,它们的含量均达到最低工业品位的要求。该矿床为典型的双交代矽卡岩型矿床,区域上应重视对该类型矿床的找矿评价。     

塔里木盆地塔中I号断裂带西缘奥陶系油气成藏与主控因素研究

塔中低凸起是塔里木盆地油气资源最丰富的地区之一,而塔中I号断裂带西缘也在多个层系中见到了不同程度的油气显示,并在上奥陶统良里塔格组获得了高产工业油气流,在下奥陶统鹰山组获得了低产油气流.本文通过油源对比、油气水物性对比、包裹体均一温度分析等方法并结合前人的研究成果,探讨了塔中I号断裂带西缘塔中86井区-塔中45井区奥陶系的油气成藏过程,认为该区奥陶系有过三期油气充注,即晚加里东期、晚海西期和燕山期-喜马拉雅期.晚加里东期的油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,晚海西期的油气来自于中-上奥陶统烃源岩,两期油气均自塔中88井沿碳酸盐岩岩溶储层侧向运移而来;燕山期-喜马拉雅期主要以天然气为主,成因复杂.另外,认为该区油气富集的主控因素主要有3点:多源多期油气充注、优质的碳酸盐岩岩溶储层及各种成藏要素的优质配置.     

TSR产物对碳酸盐岩储层是否具有改良作用——实验地质学的依据

采用SYS-1型碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率测定仪,选取四川东北地区5种碳酸盐岩样进行溶蚀实验,研究了三种主要TSR流体产物对碳酸盐岩的改造作用。H2S的溶蚀能力相对较强,在120℃温度下对微晶灰岩的溶蚀率可达17.09%;CO2的溶蚀能力次之;水的溶蚀作用可以忽略不计。H2S和CO2这两种酸性溶液的溶蚀能力从常温到200℃呈较强—强—弱的变化趋势,其中CO2的最大溶蚀率所处温度范围为60～90℃,H2S的最大溶蚀率所处温度范围为60～150℃。TSR产物中的酸性气体可以对储层进行改造,但不一定能够改良储层,而TSR过程中石膏向方解石的转变可以使储层孔隙度增加,从而改良储层物性。     

塔里木盆地寒武系膏盐岩对盐下白云岩储层的影响

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩作为重要的战略接替区已成为近年来的研究热点.前人主要集中对寒武系白云岩的形成机制和膏盐岩的封盖作用进行了研究,而关于膏盐岩对白云岩储层的影响则少有涉及.本文总结了塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩储层特征,同时探讨了膏盐岩对白云岩储层的影响机制,以期为寒武系盐下白云岩勘探提供指导.塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩主...