华北晚太古代－早元古代高级变质区的变质PTt轨迹及其地壳热动力学演化模式

华北高级变质区是早前寒武纪下地壳的组成部分，经历复杂的地质演化。根据变质ＰＴｔ轨迹和变质矿物冷却年龄研究，确定高级变质区ＰＴｔ演化具有两种基本形式：（１）逆时针ＩＢＣ型轨迹和（２）顺时针ＩＴＤ型轨迹。前者属晚太古代末期变质事件，反映在相对稳定环境中地壳的缓慢冷却过程，下地壳冷却速率较小（＜０．３℃／Ｍａ）。后者代表早元古代变质事件，形成于地壳的构造隆升过程，下地壳冷却速率明显加快（２．４～３．７℃／Ｍａ）。高级变质区地壳热动力学状态由晚太古代末期重力均衡条件下的稳定状态转变为早元古代增厚地壳的构造隆升状态。这种转变起因于早元古代大陆增厚（造山）作用     

Cooling process of a granitic body deduced from the extents of exsolution and deuteric sub-solidus reactions: Case study of the Okueyama granitic body, Kyushu, Japan

The variation in cooling processes with depth in a magma body is evaluated quantitatively by analysis of the extent of exsolution coarsening and deuteric coarsening as sub-solidus reactions. This method is applied to evaluation of the Okueyama granitic body of central Kyushu, Japan. Exsolution coarsening has produced microperthite textures in this body, while deuteric coarsening has resulted in patchperthite, myrmekite, and reaction rims, respectively. Through measurement of six textural parameters, including the width and spacing of lamellae and the thickness of myrmekite and reaction rims, the extent of these sub-solidus reactions is shown to increase systematically with depth in the granite body, indicating that the Okueyama cooled gradually from the roof. The hornblende–plagioclase and ternary feldspar thermometers indicate temperature a range of 710 to 620 °C for volume diffusion associated with exsolution coarsening, while deuteric coarsening is found to have occurred at temperatures below 500 °C on the basis of the ternary feldspar thermometer. The cooling period corresponding to exsolution coarsening is estimated using a one-dimensional heat transfer model, yielding periods of 820 y at the roof and 1390–1890 y at the base of the exposure (1000 m below the roof) depending on total depth of the original magma body.     

“凉夏”对江西省双季水稻和棉花产量的影响

主要分析了90年代以来,江西省出现的4次“凉夏”年份7～8月的气候特点及其对江西省双季水稻和棉花产量的影响。发现“凉夏”对江西省双季水稻和棉花产量利多弊少,提出了“凉夏”年份应注意的一些问题。     

An approximate computation of infrared radiative fluxes in a cloudy atmosphere

A two-stream approximation is applied to the equation of infrared (IR) radiative transfer in order to compute the detailed structure of fluxes and cooling/heating rates in inhomogeneous, cloudy atmospheres. The spectrum between 4 and 400 m is split into 50 bands, and absorption of water vapour, uniformly mixed gases, ozone, water vapour polymers and water droplets are taken into account. Allowance is made for scattering by water droplets in the atmospheric window region (8–12.8 m) where the delta function approximation is used. The backward scattering coefficient is calculated from the asymmetry parameter by means of a new simple formula. The model is compared to other radiative transfer schemes and some applications are presented.     

Unsteady thermoelastic analysis of a circular disk with a hot central core and subjected to adiabatic conditions

The unsteady thermoelastic analysis of a cooling circular disk or cylinder which is originally at uniform temperature is a classical problem of the theory of thermal stresses. More recent studies consider the case of composite structural configurations. The present paper deals with a situation which, apparently, has not been previously considered: unsteady thermal stresses caused by the presence of a hot, central nucleus. The temperature field is obtained in terms of a Fourier–Bessel expansion and then, radial and tangential stresses are evaluated analytically. The problem is of basic interest in mechanical and naval engineering systems.     

降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物形成的影响

多孔介质中甲烷水合物的形成和分解研究对于了解自然界多年冻土中的天然气水合物具有重要意义.本文通过3组10次甲烷水合物形成实验,研究了降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物形成的影响.实验结果表明,降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物的形成过程有较大的影响,在反应釜内温度降到0 ℃之前约90%的甲烷水合物已经形成,且降温速率越慢,水转化为甲烷水合物的转化率越高.0 ℃以下冻结过程对甲烷水合物的形成基本没有影响,但在冻结土体开始融化时发现有水合物二次生成的现象.     

城乡过渡地带低空温度平流和边界层特征的观测分析

利用兰州河谷盆地城乡过渡区边界层观测资料,分析了该地区的温度平流和边界层特征。分析表明:(1)夜间热岛环流明显,白天则较弱;(2)夜间200m高度以下有较强的冷平流,在250～400m高度有较弱的暖平流,冷暖温度平流对测点上空边界层温度和层结变化有显著影响;(3)由声雷达确定的夜间边界层高度对应于Ri<1.0的高度,在这一高度范围内存在逆位温和强的风切变。本地区下垫面和复杂的地形导致夜间边界层高度随时间周期性地升高和降低,变化周期约3h。     

A Comparative Research on Climatic Characteristics of Jianghuai Cyclones in Rainfall Season between Warming and Cooling Stages

By EOF, Power spectrum and nonlinear mapping methods, the temperature time series of May to July in Jianghuai river basins from 1948-2014 (67 years) were objectively divided into several climate stages. The time series were divided into three climate stages with similar lengths: the stage with its air temperature trend going downwards stage (1948-1970); the stage with its air temperature trend going upwards (1971-1994) and the stage with its air temperature trend going gentle upwards (1995-2014). Their climate characteristics can be quantified by a special climate index. Then, the statistic characteristics of Jianghuai cyclones in the three climate stages were compared with the cooling or warming trends. The results showed that characteristic evolutions of the frequency of yearly average of Jianhuai cyclones, the cyclones with their life cycles in the area longer than 48h, the cyclones with three types of thickness, shallow and bottom shapes classified according to the cyclone height, the cyclones with three kinds of zonal, meridional, and circular trajectory, responded to the temperature changing trends in the three climate stages. The cooling trends of the stage temperature restrained the activity of Jianghuai cyclones, and the warming trends of the stage temperature promoted the cyclone’s development, maintaining, activity, and also led cyclone moving towards to north further. The composite analysis of cyclone structures showed that the evolution characteristics in the center intensity, temperature grads, the maxima velocity of jet of the cyclones, and the intensity, length and position of the vapor flux passage of the Jianghuai cyclones, also the intensity, thickness, the positions of the warm and cold air masses within the cyclones, all responded to the trend change of stage temperature including cooling, warming and gentle warming. The results show clearly that temperature cooling reduces the intensity of cyclone structures and restrains the activity of cyclones in the temperatures trend down stage. The temperature warming enhances the stable development and strengthening of cyclone structure,and maintains the activity of cyclones in the temperature warming stages.     

降温速率对三种类型水滴冻结过程影响的实验研究

大量实验研究表明,水滴的异质冻结既与所含冰核有关,又包含一定的随机过程。本研究一方面对已有的实验研究结果进行验证,同时寻找水滴冻结与温度及时间的定量关系,检验随机假设和奇点假设的相互作用。选用雨水、纯净水和瓶装饮用水3种水样,采用中国气象科学研究院的均匀水滴冻结实验装置,对3类水样做了不同的恒定降温速率实验,并对雨水进行了恒温实验。结果表明,总体来看,随温度降低,降温速率慢的液滴累加冻结比例高于降温速率快的液滴,并且在纯净水和瓶装饮用水中更明显;降温速率越大,平均冻结温度和中值冻结温度越低,不同的是雨水的值跟降温速率成对数关系,而瓶装饮用水的值与降温速率成线性关系(纯净水因为只有两种降温速率,故不能确定是哪一种关系);不同水样的冻结几率随温度的降低指数增大,而瓶装饮用水冻结几率函数中指数前的系数随降温速率的增大指数减小;恒温阶段,雨水的冻结几率随时间指数衰减,在恒温的前2 min衰减较快,之后减慢,并且水滴冻结在前2 min发生较多,之后变的很少,15 min之后则没有冻结事件发生。该现象可以用随机假设和奇点假设结合起来解释,当温度达到或低于特征温度时,水分子在冻结核上的聚合需要一段时间,所以造成了在恒温阶段出现水滴冻结的现象。水滴冻结是两种假设的共同作用。     

S/P模式计算的冷却塔烟气抬升高度敏感性试验

德国VDI3784的S/P模式为三维流体动力学积分模式,其方程主要描述了无穷小体积元素的质量、动量、静态污染物质量浓度及能量的守恒。利用德国模式进行了冷却塔烟气排放不同参数、不同大气条件下烟气抬升高度的敏感性试验。结果表明：在影响烟气抬升高度的3个气象要素（风速、气温和湿度）中,风速和气温的变化对结果影响较大,而湿度影响较小。在D类稳定度,当环境风速从0.1 m/s增加到15.0 m/s时,抬升高度从711.7 m变为38.5 m。随着环境温度的升高,抬升高度明显单调变小;当稳定度为A类,环境温度从10升到40时,烟气抬升最大高度从688.9 m降低到45.1 m,降低了14倍多。而环境湿度的变化,对抬升高度的影响不是很明显。对于E类稳定度和F类稳定度,当环境湿度从20%增加到70%,最大抬升高度分别从115.3 m和84.6 m降到112.9 m和81.7 m,分别降低了3.43%和2.08%。在影响烟气抬升高度的其他3个因素（凉水塔直径、烟气出口速度和混合气体温度）中,混合气体温度的变化对结果影响较大,而凉水塔直径和烟气出口速度的影响较小。在各类稳定度条件下,当出口温度从20变到90时,烟气抬升高度增加1.2—13.3倍;在各类稳定度条件下,当凉水塔直径从30 m变到90 m,烟气抬升高度仅增加0.63—1.40倍;在各类稳定度条件下,当出口速度从2.5 m/s变到8.0 m/s,烟气抬升高度增加了0.24—0.74倍。