Higher and lowest order mixed finite element approximation of subsurface flow problems with solutions of low regularity

In this work we study mixed finite element approximations of Richards’ equation for simulating variably saturated subsurface flow and simultaneous reactive solute transport. Whereas higher order schemes have proved their ability to approximate reliably reactive solute transport (cf., e.g. [Bause M, Knabner P. Numerical simulation of contaminant biodegradation by higher order methods and adaptive time stepping. Comput Visual Sci 7;2004:61–78]), the Raviart–Thomas mixed finite element method (RT₀) with a first order accurate flux approximation is popular for computing the underlying water flow field (cf. [Bause M, Knabner P. Computation of variably saturated subsurface flow by adaptive mixed hybrid finite element methods. Adv Water Resour 27;2004:565–581, Farthing MW, Kees CE, Miller CT. Mixed finite element methods and higher order temporal approximations for variably saturated groundwater flow. Adv Water Resour 26;2003:373–394, Starke G. Least-squares mixed finite element solution of variably saturated subsurface flow problems. SIAM J Sci Comput 21;2000:1869–1885, Younes A, Mosé R, Ackerer P, Chavent G. A new formulation of the mixed finite element method for solving elliptic and parabolic PDE with triangular elements. J Comp Phys 149;1999:148–167, Woodward CS, Dawson CN. Analysis of expanded mixed finite element methods for a nonlinear parabolic equation modeling flow into variably saturated porous media. SIAM J Numer Anal 37;2000:701–724]). This combination might be non-optimal. Higher order techniques could increase the accuracy of the flow field calculation and thereby improve the prediction of the solute transport. Here, we analyse the application of the Brezzi-Douglas-Marini element (BDM₁) with a second order accurate flux approximation to elliptic, parabolic and degenerate problems whose solutions lack the regularity that is assumed in optimal order error analyses. For the flow field calculation a superiority of the BDM₁ approach to the RT₀ one is observed, which however is less significant for the accompanying solute transport.     

海洋多毛类动物的再生演化

再生是生物体丢失的组织或器官重新生长和修复的过程,是生物科学的本质问题之一.再生现象在生物界中广为分布,但不同生物的再生能力却存在着巨大差异.虽然近年来再生的分子和细胞机制取得了显著的研究进展,但驱动物种再生能力多样性形成的遗传机制尚不明确.海洋多毛类因其多样且快速演化的再生能力和简单线性的分节结构成为研究再生演化的极...     

Spatiotemporal model for assessing the stability of urban human convergence and divergence patterns

Understanding the stability of urban flows is critical for urban transportation, urban planning and public health. However, few studies have measured the stability of aggregate human convergence or divergence patterns. We propose a spatiotemporal model for assessing the stability of human convergence and divergence patterns. A mobile phone location data set obtained from Shenzhen, China, was used to assess the stability of daily human convergence and divergence patterns at three different spatial scales, i.e. points (cell phone towers), lines (bus lines) and areas (traffic analysis zones [TAZs]). Our analysis results demonstrated that the proposed model can identify points and bus lines with time-dependent variations in stability, which is useful for delineating TAZs for transportation planning, or adjusting bus timetables and routes to meet the needs of bus riders. Comparisons of the results obtained from the proposed model and the widely used entropy measure indicated that the proposed model is suitable for assessing the differences in stability for various types of spatial analysis units, e.g. cell phone towers. Therefore, the proposed model is a useful alternative approach of measuring spatiotemporal stability of aggregate human convergence and divergence patterns, which can be derived from the space–time trajectories of moving objects.     

全球变暖不同阶段热带辐合带的移动及其与大气能量输送的关系

基于第五次国际间耦合模式比较计划(The phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,CMIP5)中在4.5 W/m^2的典型浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathway,RCP4.5)试验结果,本文通过能量框架分析方法研究了全球变暖不同阶段热带辐合带(Intertropical Convergence Zone,ITCZ)的南北移动及其主要机制,发现在温室气体持续增加的海洋快响应和温室气体达到稳定后的海洋慢响应两个阶段,ITCZ的移动都和跨赤道的大气能量输送(Atmosphere Heat Transport,AHT)变化显著相关,但两者变化的原因在两个阶段中是不同的。在快响应阶段,ITCZ位置的移动以及跨赤道AHT受大气层顶(Top of the Atmosphere,TOA)的能量变化驱动,主要与南大洋云短波辐射响应、北半球中高纬度云和地表的短波辐射响应有关,气溶胶减少引起的辐射响应变化使得ITCZ在大多数模式中表现出向北移动的特征。在慢响应下辐射强迫保持稳定,ITCZ在大多数模式中表现出向南移动的特征。这一时期ITCZ的移动由大气表面能量通量变化驱动,主要与潜热通量变化的南北半球差异有关。全球变暖不同阶段ITCZ移动与大气能量输送变化的关系差异反映了海洋对于气候变化的重要调控作用。     

Crustal deformation revealed by GPS in Kumaun Himalaya,India

The foremost Global Positioning System(GPS) derived measurements in the Kumaun Himalaya indicate that most of the crustal motion of the Indian plate is accommodating towards the base as well as on the hanging wall of Main Central Thrust(MCT).Deformation pattern within the Kumaun Himalaya varies from south to north and indicates maximum deformation rate near MCT.Our study,based on the campaign mode GPS survey during 2003- 2006,reveals that the area between north of North Almora Thrust(NAT) and at the base of Great Himalaya registers maximum strain rate,which is lowered towards the Trans Himadri Fault(THF).The GAMIT-GLOBK processed campaign data of the area show that currently,the Himalayan Frontal Fault(HFF) and Main Boundary Thrust(MBT) are locked with the Indian plate,and a 6.7 ± 2.5 mm/yr of horizontal shortening is taking place between the Lesser Himalaya and Peninsular India.     

Upper Jaramillo极性转换期间地球磁场变化特征

利用陕西渭南剖面黄土层位Ｌ１０的剩余磁性获得了ＵｐｐｅｒＪａｒａｍｉｌｌｏ极性转换期间地球磁场的记录。与地球磁场方向相联系的极性转换持续时间约３２００ａ。极性转换过程虚地磁极（ＶＧＰ）主要位于美洲大陆及其边缘,根据Ｒｏｃｈｅｔｔｅ模型。由极性转换前后地球磁场处于稳定极性状态时的平均方向模拟出的地磁极移曲线与实测曲线不同。这说明所得结果并不是由极性转换前后地球磁场平均效应引起的,应该是地球磁场变化的实际记录。本文收集了１９８９年之前中朝陆块自晚石炭世至第三纪期间的古地磁极数据。应用分类过滤方法选出可靠的古地磁极,建立了中朝陆块新的视极移曲线。通过中朝陆块与扬子陆块视极移曲线的比较,对前人提出的两个陆块会聚的几种模式进行了检验。本文提出的旋转模式,对研究两陆块的会聚过程是较合理的新观点。     

Incorporating irregular nonlinear waves in coupled simulation and reliability studies of offshore wind turbines

Design of an offshore wind turbine requires estimation of loads on its rotor, tower and supporting structure. These loads are obtained by time-domain simulations of the coupled aero-servo-hydro-elastic model of the wind turbine. Accuracy of predicted loads depends on assumptions made in the simulation models employed, both for the turbine and for the input wind and wave conditions. Currently, waves are simulated using a linear irregular wave theory that is not appropriate for nonlinear waves, which are even more pronounced in shallow water depths where wind farms are typically sited. The present study investigates the use of irregular nonlinear (second-order) waves for estimating loads on the support structure (monopile) of an offshore wind turbine. We present the theory for the irregular nonlinear model and incorporate it in the commonly used wind turbine simulation software, FAST, which had been developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), but which had the modeling capability only for irregular linear waves. We use an efficient algorithm for computation of nonlinear wave elevation and kinematics, so that a large number of time-domain simulations, which are required for prediction of long-term loads using statistical extrapolation, can easily be performed. To illustrate the influence of the alternative wave models, we compute loads at the base of the monopile of the NREL 5MW baseline wind turbine model using linear and nonlinear irregular wave models. We show that for a given environmental condition (i.e., the mean wind speed and the significant wave height), extreme loads are larger when computed using the nonlinear wave model. We finally compute long-term loads, which are required for a design load case according to the International Electrotechnical Commission guidelines, using the inverse first-order reliability method. We discuss a convergence criteria that may be used to predict accurate 20-year loads and discuss wind versus wave dominance in the load prediction. We show that 20-year long-term loads can be significantly higher when the nonlinear wave model is used.     

融合式研究趋势下的地理信息教学体系探索

城市研究的范式在大数据和人工智能的影响下已经发生了巨大变化。本文根据城市研究及地理信息科学的发展历程和学科脉络,提出城市空间信息学是社会和产业需求导向的一个新兴知识领域,也是融合式研究趋势下地理信息教学和研究的一个发展方向。城市规划和地理信息科学两大类专业虽然具备孵化出城市空间信息学人才的学科基础,但是其学科体系都需要较大的改变才能实现突破;从现有的学科设置的体系看,地理空间信息工程专业由于提供了同时培养学生系统思维、空间思维和计算思维的框架,具备发展城市空间信息学本科教育的入口。本文在此基础上提出了城市空间信息工程本科专业的培养方案设计思路,期望能够对城市空间信息学的学科发展以及教学研究带来讨论契机,并推动地理信息学科和城市规划学科的可持续发展。     

一种基于预估校正法的解常微分方程的方法(英文)

由预估校正法 ,构造了一个收敛加速的解常微分方程的方法 ,即所谓的二阶 C变换法。此法的稳定域与校正法的相同。数值检验表明此新方法很有用     

羌塘盆地磁倾角浅化校正及其在构造上的应用——中侏罗纪以来约1 000 km的南北向缩短

古地磁磁倾角是古纬度的记录者,能真实反映块体在地质时期的古纬度,对块体构造活动有着很好的揭示作用。但最近众多的研究表明,沉积物所记录的磁倾角结果,往往存在浅化现象。因此,如何精确确定古地磁磁倾角方向,是研究块体南北向构造活动的关键。本文围绕古地磁研究相对薄弱的青藏高原腹地羌塘块体,针对雁石坪地区侏罗纪沉积地层开展了精细的古地磁研究,确定了雁石坪群沉积岩地层中灰岩和碎屑岩的剩磁方向(碎屑岩雀莫错组Ds=339.0°,Is=24.4°,α95=18.3°,灰岩布曲组Ds=336.9°,Is=30.9°,α95=7.8°),通过运用"E/I"统计方法对所获得的古地磁结果进行校正,发现雁石坪地区侏罗纪沉积岩由同沉积期间或沉积后的压实作用所造成的磁倾角浅化约5.7°～8.5°。该结果表明,羌塘块体在中侏罗世雀莫错组和布曲组期间存在约278 km北向漂移。校正后的古地磁结果,与同期的相邻块体塔里木极对比,揭示出磁倾角具有额外10.9°～14.6° 的浅化,可能指示了自中侏罗世以来,羌塘块体相对塔里木块体有约1 000 km的北向漂移和缩短。