论大气中凝结过程水汽内能与压力能的不同作用

通过计算可逆湿绝热过程与不可逆湿绝热过程,讨论了大气中凝结时的水汽内能(内潜热)与压力能(外潜热)作功过程的不同物理作用及其在不同(对流与非对流)降水天气系统中的影响。发现“可逆”与“不可逆”湿绝热过程中的凝结外潜热都对环境大气作负功,这是因为水汽相变为水而使得水汽压力能减少。最终环境大气通过凝结外潜热过程,对整个“系统”(如降水对流运动的飑、冰雹、龙卷、台风和非对流运动的锋面降水系统等)作功,其作功“热机”效率约为5％。     

Oscillatory large-scale dynamos from Cartesian convection simulations

We present results from compressible Cartesian convection simulations with and without imposed shear. In the former case the dynamo is expected to be of α² Ω type, which is generally expected to be relevant for the Sun, whereas the latter case refers to α² dynamos that are more likely to occur in more rapidly rotating stars whose differential rotation is small. We perform a parameter study where the shear flow and the rotational influence are varied to probe the relative importance of both types of dynamos. Oscillatory solutions are preferred both in the kinematic and saturated regimes when the negative ratio of shear to rotation rates, q?≡??S/Ω, is between 1.5 and 2, i.e. when shear and rotation are of comparable strengths. Other regions of oscillatory solutions are found with small values of q, i.e. when shear is weak in comparison to rotation, and in the regime of large negative qs, when shear is very strong in comparison to rotation. However, exceptions to these rules also appear so that for a given ratio of shear to rotation, solutions are non-oscillatory for small and large shear, but oscillatory in the intermediate range. Changing the boundary conditions from vertical field to perfect conductor ones changes the dynamo mode from oscillatory to quasi-steady. Furthermore, in many cases an oscillatory solution exists only in the kinematic regime whereas in the nonlinear stage the mean fields are stationary. However, the cases with rotation and no shear are always oscillatory in the parameter range studied here and the dynamo mode does not depend on the magnetic boundary conditions. The strengths of total and large-scale components of the magnetic field in the saturated state, however, are sensitive to the chosen boundary conditions.     

基于静止卫星的青藏高原及周边地区夏季对流的气候特征分析

利用2010-2014年静止气象卫星FY-2E的红外TBB资料,分析了夏季青藏高原（高原）及周围地区对流的气候特征。分析表明,5月,高原最主要的对流发生在东部边缘。6月,随着亚洲夏季风爆发,最强的对流（强对流）发生在高原的东南侧。7-8月,强盛的西南风给高原中东部部分地区带来丰沛的水汽,高原的东南部形成一条对流（强对流）活跃带。在高原西部,对流发生频率大于6%的区域出现在西部南麓的时间约为37候,并于7月底-8月初到达最北。在高原中部,对流（强对流）开始活跃的时间为6月上旬（中旬）,维持整个盛夏,并分别经历3次向北推进,最北约到达34°N。在高原东部,5月底开始对流都处于相对活跃期,有3次（两次）对流（强对流）的北进。高原对流（强对流）发生频率存在两个季节内变率大值区,分别位于高原中南部雅鲁藏布江中段和高原东南部西藏、青海、四川三省交界处。对流发生频率的第一模态主要是高原东南部和南部的印度季风区对流的反向模态,第二模态则体现了高原西部和印度大陆80°E以西地区与南亚大陆80°E以东地区的对流发生频率的三极型变化。      

对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发

用线性模型讨论了对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发，分别讨论了初始垂直速度扰动和初始位温扰动及大气内部加热在静态层结大气中激发的重力惯性波，及重力惯性波过程引起的大气温压场的变化。得到的结果可以帮助理解中小尺度系统的发生发展，对流过程与环境大气的相互作用。     

The significance of magmatic erosion for bifurcation of UG1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex

One of the most puzzling features of the UG1 chromitite layers in the famous exposures at Dwars River, Eastern Bushveld Complex, is the bifurcation, i.e. convergence and divergence of layers along strike that isolate lenses of anorthosite. The bifurcations have been variously interpreted as resulting from: (1) the intermittent accumulation of plagioclase on the chamber floor as lenses, terminated by crystallization of continuous chromitite layers (the depositional model); (2) late-stage injections of chromite mush or chromite-saturated melt along anastomosing fractures that dismembered semi-consolidated plagioclase cumulates (the intrusive model); (3) post-depositional deformation of alternating plagioclase and chromite cumulates, resulting in local amalgamation of chromitite layers and anorthosite lenses that wedge out laterally (the deformational model). None of these hypotheses account satisfactorily for the following field observations: (a) wavy and scalloped contacts between anorthosite and chromitite layers; (b) abrupt lateral terminations of thin anorthosite layers within chromitite; (c) in situ anorthosite inclusions with highly irregular contacts and delicate wispy tails within chromitite; many of these inclusions are contiguous with footwall and hanging wall cumulates; (d) transported anorthosite fragments enclosed by chromitite; (e) disrupted anorthosite and chromitite layers overlain by planar chromitite; (f) protrusions of chromitite into underlying anorthosite; (g) merging of chromitite layers around anorthosite domes. We propose a novel hypothesis that envisages basal flows of new dense and superheated magma that resulted in intense thermo-chemical erosion of the temporary floor of the chamber. The melting and dissolution of anorthosite was patchy and commonly inhibited by chromitite layers, resulting in lens-like remnants of anorthosite resting on continuous layers of chromitite. On cooling, the magma crystallized chromite on the irregular chamber floor, draping the remnants of anorthosite and merging with pre-existing chromitite layers excavated by erosion. With further cooling, the magma crystallized chromite-bearing anorthosite. Emplacement of multiple pulses of magma led to repetition of this sequence of events, resulting in a complex package of anorthosite lenses and bifurcating chromitite layers. This hypothesis is the most satisfactory explanation for most of the features of this enigmatic igneous layering in the Bushveld Complex.