挤扩支盘支护桩试验研究

介绍了一种新型基坑支护桩--挤扩支盘桩,探讨了挤扩支盘支护桩的挤密效应、受力机理、合理的结构形式以及作为支护桩的工作特性。土工模型试验表明：（1）与普通悬臂支护桩相比较,挤扩支盘支护桩的嵌固深度可减小15 %～30 %,弯矩分布比较均匀;（2）最大弯矩可减小40 %～80 %;（3）桩顶总位移减小30 %～60 %;（4）支护高度可增加20 %～30 %。挤扩支盘支护桩有着明显的技术优势和经济效益,并能降低风险,为中等深度基坑工程提供了一种经济合理的支护手段。     

强震区岩体动力破坏机制研究

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区存在大范围的岩体破坏现象。在详细调查区域地质背景条件及区域地震动力作用基础之上,提出了地震动力作用与岩体破坏现象的内在联系,并通过动力模拟试验分析、证明了岩体破坏现象与历史上该地区发生的强烈地震有着密切关系。因此,在目前的工程地质条件下,一旦发生强度较大的地震活动,坝址区所遭受的破坏程度会更大,对拟建的水利工程设施将产生严重威胁。     

摩擦型根-土作用模型

随着人们环境保护意识的增强,在边坡防护工程中采用植物护坡方式已经得到越来越多的认可。针对目前植物护坡技术理论水平落后于工程实践的状况,对根与土体的相互作用关系进行了探讨,建立了摩擦型根-土作用力学模型,并且实验结果验证了该模型的正确性。     

多功能高分子固沙剂流动沙丘固定试验研究

试验选择在甘肃省武威市民勤县绿洲外缘与沙漠交接地带,应用多功能高分子固沙剂进行流动沙丘固定试验研究。结果显示,在试验区斜坡下部,除草试验区比对照区结皮厚度增大81.25%,未除草试验区结皮比对照厚度增加32.25%,固沙结皮区比无结皮区抗风蚀,至今固沙结皮依然存在;未除草有结皮时固沙试验区0~80cm各层平均含水率均比对照区高,其中土层平均含水率比对照区高76.27%。实验证明施用试剂不仅固沙效果非常明显,而且在不除草时对土壤水分有很好的保持效果。     

多孔介质中水合物阻抗探测技术

应用阻抗测量技术测试了多孔介质中CO2水合物的形成和分解过程。实验结果表明,阻抗测量可以反映水合物的形成特征。水合物在形成过程中的成核具有一定的随机性,说明相同温压条件下CO2水合物的成核机会均等。分解过程的热量吸收,可能形成体系内外的温度梯度。阻抗测量技术可以应用于水合物形成过程中的热过程和热力学研究。     

栉江珧人工育苗试验

报道了栉江珧（Pinna（Alrina）peclinala Linncaus）人工育苗的试验结果。结果表明采用变温刺激法、阴干流水刺激法及阴干流水升温刺激法催产亲贝效果较好。在水温20．6～24．7℃,密度1．018～1．023水体申经50d培育后幼虫附着变态成稚贝,变态率10％-20％,10d后最大幼贝长达6mm。     

深潜器大开口球形耐压操纵舱结构模型的力学性能

结合模型试验和数值计算对大潜深、带大开口的球形耐压结构静态力学性能进行了研究。研究中考虑到材料非线性、非弹性的因素,通过对材料拉伸试验曲线的分析,得到了材料应力-应变的近似表达式;并且利用超声测厚仪对结构模型的几何缺陷进行了测量。同时基于参数化设计语言建立了有随机几何缺陷的有限元模型,并利用接触单元考虑了大开口观察窗与耐压结构的联系。试验验证表明论文提出的利用有限元软件分析大潜深、大开口耐压壳体力学性能的计算方法和计算策略是准确可靠的,所获得的结果可供设计使用。     

超声探测技术在天然气水合物模拟实验中的应用

为了解不同介质中天然气水合物的声学特性,在特制的高压反应釜中分别进行了纯水、松散沉积物和岩心中甲烷水合物的生成和分解的模拟实验,同时应用超声技术进行了探测。在纯水-甲烷体系中,声波速度的变化主要受温度的制约,水中生成的絮状水合物并没有使声波速度发生明显变化;在纯水-松散沉积物-甲烷体系中,声波速度和系统主频的变化灵敏地反映出体系内水合物的生成和分解;在纯水-岩心-甲烷体系中,随着水合物的生成,纵波速度、横波速度以及纵波幅度均增大,这说明纵波和横波的速度随着孔隙度的减小而增大,而纵波幅度的衰减则随着孔隙度的减小而减小。实验结果显示,超声探测是天然气水合物模拟实验中的一项有效的探测技术。     

Propagating uncertainty from catchment experiments to estimates of streamflow reduction by invasive alien plants in southwestern South Africa

Long-term catchment experiments from South Africa have demonstrated that afforestation of grasslands and shrublands significantly reduces surface-water runoff. These results have guided the country's forestry policy and the implementation of a national Invasive Alien Plant (IAP) control programme for the past few decades. Unfortunately, woody IAP densities continue to increase, compounding existing threats to water security from population growth and climatic change. Decision makers need defensible estimates of the impacts of afforestation or invasions on runoff to weigh up alternative land use options, or guide investment of limited resources into ecosystem restoration through IAP clearing versus engineering-based water-augmentation schemes. Existing attempts to extrapolate the impacts observed in catchment afforestation experiments to broad-scale IAP impacts give no indication of uncertainty. Globally, the uncertainty inherent in the results from paired-catchment experiments is seldom propagated into subsequent analyses making use of these data. We present a fully reproducible Bayesian model that propagates uncertainty from input data to final estimates of changes in streamflow when extrapolating from catchment experiments to broader landscapes. We apply our model to South Africa's catchment experiment data, estimating streamflow losses to plantations and analogous plant invasions in the catchments of southwestern South Africa, including uncertainty. We estimate that regional streamflow is reduced by 304 million m³ or 4.14% annually as a result of IAPs, with an upper estimate of 408 million m³ (5.54%) and a lower estimate of 267 million m³ (3.63%). Our model quantifies uncertainty associated with all parameters and their contribution to overall uncertainty, helping guide future research needs. Acknowledging and quantifying inherent uncertainty enables more defensible decisions regarding water resource management.     

Quantification of peatland water storage capacity using the water table fluctuation method

Peat specific yield (S_Y) is an important parameter involved in many peatland hydrological functions such as flood attenuation, baseflow contribution to rivers, and maintaining groundwater levels in surficial aquifers. However, general knowledge on peatland water storage capacity is still very limited, due in part to the technical difficulties related to in situ measurements. The objectives of this study were to quantify vertical S_Y variations of water tables in peatlands using the water table fluctuation (WTF) method and to better understand the factors controlling peatland water storage capacity. The method was tested in five ombrotrophic peatlands located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands (southern Québec, Canada). In each peatland, water table wells were installed at three locations (up‐gradient, mid‐gradient, and down‐gradient). Near each well, a 1‐m long peat core (8 cm × 8 cm) was sampled, and subsamples were used to determine S_Y with standard gravitational drainage method. A larger peat sample (25 cm × 60 cm × 40 cm) was also collected in one peatland to estimate S_Y using a laboratory drainage method. In all sites, the mean water table depth ranged from 9 to 49 cm below the peat surface, with annual fluctuations varying between 15 and 29 cm for all locations. The WTF method produced similar results to the gravitational drainage experiments, with values ranging between 0.13 and 0.99 for the WTF method and between 0.01 and 0.95 for the gravitational drainage experiments. S_Y was found to rapidly decrease with depth within 20 cm, independently of the within‐site location and the mean annual water table depth. Dominant factors explaining S_Y variations were identified using analysis of variance. The most important factor was peatland site, followed by peat depth and seasonality. Variations in storage capacity considering site and seasonality followed regional effective growing degree days and evapotranspiration patterns. This work provides new data on spatial variations of peatland water storage capacity using an easily implemented method that requires only water table measurements and precipitation data.