A three dimensional model for water-sediment movement

A three-dimensional k-ε-Ap two-fluid turbulence model is proposed to study liquid-particle two-phase flow and bed deformation.By solving coupled liquid-phase and solid-phase governing equations in a finite-volume method,the model can calculate the movement of both water and sediment.The model was validated by water-sediment transport in a 180° channel bend with a movable bed.The validation concerns two-phase time-averaged velocities,bed deformation,water depth,depth-averaged streamwise velocity,cross-stream bed profiles,and two-phase secondary flow velocity vectors.The agreement between numerical results and experimental results was generally good.The comparisons of the numerical results of different models show that the three-dimensional k-ε-Ap two-fluid turbulence model has a relatively higher accuracy than one-fluid model.     

Relationships between volcanic patterns and neotectonics in Eastern Anatolia from analysis of satellite images and DEM

The late Neogene to Quaternary volcanism in Eastern Anatolia is related to the Arabia–Eurasia convergence but a clear deformation pattern has not yet been established in this region. We have used the distribution and shape of volcanoes and fault geometry as indicators of the tectonic regime. Volcanic edifices and related faults were analyzed in vertical view using SAR–ERS, Spot images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In several places, adjacent volcanoes that form linear clusters or elongated volcanoes are clearly rooted on vertical tension fractures. These are compatible with horizontal σ₃ striking 90°N, associated with σ₁ horizontal (strike-slip regime) or vertical (extensional regime). We mapped the recent faults that are directly associated to volcanoes. Volcanic vents are related to tail-crack, horsetail or releasing bend structures. In this work, it has been possible to define the ESE-striking, 270-km-long Tutak–Hamur–Çaldiran fault that forms a releasing bend testifying to right-lateral motion. Extension is well documented for few places but no recent fold has been observed. Since 8 Ma, the tectonic system is principally strike-slip. Most of the tension fractures being 2 to 10 km in length, so we infer that they affect only part of the crust. Most strike-slip fault zones are of several tens to a few hundred kilometers long and thus not of lithospheric scale. Therefore, the channels used by the magma to reach the surface are crustal structures.     

走滑拉分盆地中断裂发育特征的二维离散元数值模拟

走滑断裂带的发育演化过程与拉分盆地的形成演化有着密切的关系,主断层不同叠置范围下所发育的次级断裂及拉分盆地具不同的规模及形态。前人多利用物理模拟对走滑拉分盆地演化过程及断裂发育特征进行研究,缺乏对盆地演化过程中断裂变形特征分析及主断层不同叠置程度下断裂演变规律的探讨。本文基于离散元计算软件PFC2D,模拟了拉分盆地演化过程中走滑主断层在未叠置（underlapping）、侧接（neutral）、叠置（overlapping）三种情况下断裂的几何形态变化特征及其平面演变规律。结果表明拉分盆地断裂发育经历了从走滑主断层端点处向释压弯曲内部发育、再向外部扩展的过程,且无论走滑主断层叠置程度如何,该规律均有较好体现。此外,断裂发育位置与拉伸区域叠合度高,表明断裂的发育规律对拉分盆地的沉降中心迁移或具有重要指示意义。     

Coseismic reactivation of the Samambaia fault, Brazil

Northeastern Brazil is, within the present knowledge of historical and instrumental seismicity, one the most seismic active areas in intraplate South America. Seismic activity in the region has occurred mainly around the Potiguar basin. This seismicity includes earthquake swarms characterized by instrumentally-recorded events ≤ 5.2 m_b and paleoseismic events ≥ 7.0. Our study concentrates in the João Câmara (JC) epicentral area, where an earthquake swarm composed of more than 40,000 aftershocks occurred mainly from 1986 to 1990 along the Samambaia fault; 14 of which had m_b > 4.0 and two of which had 5.1 and 5.0 m_b. We describe and compare this aftershock sequence with the present-day stress field and the tectonic fabric in an attempt to understand fault geometry and local control of seismogenic faulting. Earthquake data indicate that seismicity decreased steadily from 1986 to 1998. We selected 2,746 epicenters, which provided a high-quality and precise dataset. It indicates that the fault trends 37° azimuth, dips 76°–80° to NW, and forms an alignment  27 km long that cuts across the NNE–SSW-trending ductile Precambrian fabric. The depth of these events ranged from  1 km to  9 km. The fault forms an echelon array of three main left-bend segments: one in the northern and two in the southern part of the fault. A low-seismicity zone, which marks a contractional bend, occurs between the northern and southern segments. Focal mechanisms indicate that the area is under an E–W-oriented compression, which led to strike–slip shear along the Samambaia fault with a small normal component. The fault is at 53° to the maximum compression and is severely misoriented for reactivation under the present-day stress field. The seismicity, however, spatially coincides with a brittle fabric composed of quartz veins and silicified-fault zones. We conclude that the Samambaia fault is a discontinuous and reactivated structure marked at the surface by a well-defined brittle fabric, which is associated with silica-rich fluids.     

概化弯道段潮汐模型系统设计与制作

根据典型弯曲型河口段的宽浅边界形态、水力条件及潮汐特征,依据相似理论确定模型的基本几何及水力参数.分析了河工模型的最大允许变率,借助重力和紊动阻力相似准则确定模型的各项控制比尺.模型由上游延伸段、河道试验段与下游潮汐池组成.采用w形波纹凹槽方式加糙,使模型糙率达到了试验要求.实测资料验证显示了概化模型的合理性.     

大力开发整治射阳河之浅见

分析苏北里下河地区排水入海的最大干河－－射阳河在本流域中的地位和作用，目前河道淤积，工程老化和水污染严重等现状，以及射阳河蕴藏着的河海联运，水源充足，自然和人文景观众多潜在优势；阐述了整治和综合开发利用射阳河的重要性和迫切性；提出了整治和开发利用的３条总体原则，大体思路及保证顺利实施的关键措施。     

三门峡水库影响渭河下游河道横向演变的研究

多沙河流修建水库影响库区河道演变,建库前后河道遵循不同的演变规律,兴建三门峡水库后的15年间赤水河河口至陈村河段发生了7次自然裁弯,三门峡水库改建后20年间却没有发生一次自然裁弯,这是一个非常有趣的现象。文中利用渭河下游河道的实测资料,对比兴建三门峡水库前后以及三门峡改建前后渭河下游河道的横向演变,得到如下几点认识:(1)侵蚀基准面的变化是引起渭河下游河道横向摆动的主要因素;(2)洪水比降变平,相应河道弯曲系数变大,河道由稳定型向摆动型发展;洪水比降变陡,相应河道弯曲系数变小,河道由摆动型向稳定型发展;(3)滩地的泥沙组成代表河岸的可动性。河岸可动性增大,河道由稳定型向摆动型发展,河岸可动性变小,河道由摆动型向稳定型发展;(4)河道断面形态的调整是对基准面变化和来水来沙变化的复杂响应过程;(5)来水来沙影响渭河下游河道横向演变。     

长江第一弯成因及形成时代探讨

长江第一弯成因及形成时代关系到金沙江—长江水系的形成演化、西南纵向岭谷地理环 境演化、青藏高原隆升对周边环境的影响等重大科学问题, 故近百年来一直为学术界所关注。本 文通过综合考察、地貌和沉积物等的综合分析认为: 长江第一弯是在金沙江水系未曾溯源连通至 三江口段之前的古金沙江与古冲江河、水洛河的汇流口。长江在三江口袭夺了水洛河, 导致水洛 河倒流, 古金沙江与三江口下的长江贯通, 才形成真正的金沙江—长江水系。根据玉龙山强烈隆 起时间、周边层状地貌发育年代、中国水系大局形成等进行推断, 长江第一弯形成时代为中更新 世以来, 说明昆黄运动为本区构造地貌—水系发育的重大转型事件。     

A new conception on the formation of the first bend of Yangtze River: its relations with Eocene magmatic activities

Based on field observations, the author proposes a new understanding on the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River. The relationship between the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River and Eocene magmatic activity is expounded, suggesting that the first bend of the Yangtze River is the result from choking of the strong magmatic activity in Eocene. As a result, the upstream became a natural reservoir, whose riverside between Mt. Yulong and Mt. Haba was burst, guiding Jinshajiang River running eastward. At the same time, the drastic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau led to the deep dissection of the river cut down the channel, resulting in the formation of the Tiger Leaping Gorge. The magnitude of uplift in the study area (located in the eastern of the Tibetan Plateau) is calculated. Taking Mt. Yulong as a base, the magnitude of lift is 3,300 m from Eocene to Pliocene, adding 700 m since Pleistocene, totaling up to 4,000 m or so.     

陡波型柔性立管浮力块参数优化及应用

浮力块分布和外径等参数直接影响柔性立管在环境载荷作用下的动力响应,对某深水柔性立管进行陡波型布置,开展时域内的整体动态有限元分析,得到浮力块分布和外径对柔性立管动力响应的影响规律,表明浮力块参数是陡波型柔性立管整体设计的一个重要因素。立管动力响应是弯曲加强器的设计载荷,根据上述规律,构造具有不同浮力块参数的柔性立管模型,进行多工况动态分析,通过对比弯曲加强器设计载荷对(T,θ)的散点图,得到弯曲加强器设计载荷优化方法及最优设计载荷。