一种时空域优化的高精度交错网格差分算子与正演模拟

如何有效压制数值频散是有限差分正演模拟研究中的关键问题之一.近年来,许多学者对二阶声波方程的差分算子开展了大量的优化工作,在压制频散方面取得不错的效果.一阶压强-速度方程广泛用于研究地震波在地下变密度模型中传播规律,目前针对一阶方程的优化工作大多只是在空间差分算子上展开.本文在前人研究的基础上,推导出一阶声波方程中压强场与偏振速度场之间的解析关系,据此在传统交错网格基础上给出一种高精度的显式时间递推格式,该递推格式将时间差分与空间差分算子结合在一起,并采用共轭梯度法得到精确时间递推匹配系数,实现时空差分算子的同时优化.在编程实现算法的基础上,通过频散分析与三个典型模型测试表明：本文方法能够较为有效地压制时间频散与空间频散,提高数值计算精度;同时对复杂模型也有很好适用性.     

基于不等式约束的最小二乘法三维电阻率反演及其算法优化

基于光滑约束的最小二乘法是三维电阻率反演的主要方法,但该方法在某些情况下存在着多解性较强的问题,且普遍耗时较长,严重制约了三维反演方法的推广与发展.为改善上述问题,将表征模型参数变化范围的不等式约束作为先验信息引入最小二乘线性反演方法中,有效地改善了反演结果的精度,降低了反演的多解性问题.为了解决耗时较长的问题,基于预条件共轭梯度(PCG)算法和Cholesky分解法的特点提出了一套优化三维电阻率反演计算效率的计算方案.在该方案中,Cholesky分解法被用来求解敏感度矩阵计算中的多个点源场的正演问题,Cholesky分解法只需对总体系数矩阵进行一次分解,然后对不同的右端向量进行回代即可.将预条件共轭梯度法引入到三维电阻率反演方程的求解中,将雅可比迭代中的对角阵作为预处理矩阵,其具有求逆方便、无需内存空间的特点,有效地加快了收敛速度.对合成数据以及实测数据的反演算例表明,借助不等式约束和反演效率优化方案,最小二乘反演方法可得到较为精确的反演结果,有效地提高了反演计算效率,具有良好的推广前景.     

南海西南次海盆与南沙地块的OBS探测和地壳结构

跨越南海西南次海盆南部陆缘和南沙地块中部的OBS973-1测线是南海南部首次采集的海底地震仪(OBS)广角反射与折射深地震测线,本文通过震相分析和走时正演拟合,获得了沿测线的二维纵波速度结构模型.模拟结果显示表层沉积物速度2.5~4.5 km/s,厚度1000~3000 m,局部基底面起伏较大.结晶基底的速度从顶部的4.5~5.5 km/s增加到地壳底部的6.8~6.9 km/s,中地壳有一个小的速度不连续面(0.1~0.2 km/s),而地壳底部的莫霍面有较大的速度反差(1.2 km/s),上地幔顶部的速度为8.0~8.1 km/s.莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度在测线的北段和南段有很大的不同,在测线北段的海盆区,莫霍面埋深约11 km,结晶地壳的厚度仅为5~6 km,表现为典型洋壳的特征,而在测线南段的陆块区,莫霍面埋深最大达24 km,地壳厚度可达20 km,表现为减薄陆壳的特征,从海盆区到陆块区莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度迅速增加.陆块区上下地壳的厚度和变化趋势相似,下地壳没有看到高速层(HVL),可能说明地壳内部是以纯剪拉张的均匀减薄为主,地壳下部的岩浆底侵不发育.对比OBS973-2和OBS973-3测线的结构模型,可以推测南沙地块的中部和东部具有相似的构造性质,西南次海盆两侧是一对非火山型的不对称共轭陆缘.     

穿越南沙礼乐滩的海底地震仪广角地震试验

本文对穿越礼乐滩东北部向西北方向延伸进入中央海盆长369 km的广角地震剖面OBS973-2进行了反演研究,以期了解南海南部陆缘的地壳结构,同时探讨南、北陆缘的共轭问题.结果表明OBS973-2剖面的速度模型中三个沉积层的速度分别为1.8~2.0 km/s、2.0~2.7 km/s和3.5~4.0 km/s;沿剖面沉积层总体上较薄或缺失.礼乐滩上地壳厚约9~10 km , 速度为5.5~6.4 km/s,顶部存在小型火山;下地壳厚约11 km,速度为6.6~7.1 km/s. 过渡区和海盆的上地壳厚约4~5 km,速度为5.9~6.1 km/s;下地壳厚约2~4 km,速度为6.6~6.9 km/s.从总体上看,海盆和过渡区的地壳厚度偏小,显示了拉伸减薄作用,速度分层显示陆壳比较典型,而洋壳和过渡壳的上地壳速度比标准洋壳偏高.莫霍面总体从陆坡向海盆方向较快速地抬升,在礼乐滩埋深约23 km, 在海盆中的埋深8~12 km,海盆中的莫霍面顶部速度8.0 km/s,要明显小于礼乐滩下方的8.2 km/s.将OBS973-2剖面与北部陆缘的OBS2006-1剖面进行了对比,结果表明两者速度结构极为类似,讨论认为礼乐滩与中沙块体互为共轭.进而根据西北次海盆的宽度、礼乐滩与中沙块体的距离及前人提出的南海海盆的扩张时代,计算了扩张速率.     

用高碘酸钠氧化法制备多管藻R-藻红蛋白和钝顶螺旋藻C-藻蓝蛋白的共价交联物

从海洋红藻多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)和蓝藻钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)中分别纯化了R-藻红蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白，然后用高碘酸钠氧化法将二共价连接。交联反应液经Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤纯化共价交联物。光谱分析表明，共价交联体内部存在着从R-藻红蛋白到C-藻蓝蛋白的能量传递。     

海量扫测数据特征点及边界提取方法研究

针对“水声呐”水下扫测设备测量所得的数据量大,精度高,分布规则,但同时数据的冗余度大的特点,为了真实反映水下地形,利用四叉树的数据分块思想对海量数据进行预处理,再对处理后的分块数据采用绝对高程差,高程加权平均等算法判断不同分块窗口的地形的起伏状态,然后用Jenson＆Domingue等算法提取特征点,同时把图像处理边缘提取方法——梯度算子应用到河道扫测边界提取中。     

Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City,China

Since there is an increasing demand for integrating landscape ecology and urban planning theories to study complex urban ecosystems and establish rational and ecological urban planning, we introduced a new concept-urban functional landscapes which can be reclassified based on detailed land use data to fulfill the various urban functions, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure purposes. In this paper, urban functional landscapes were defined based on urban land use data produced from Pleiades images, and then landscape metrics and population density were combined to identify the urban functional zones along an urban–rural gradient. The features of urban functional landscape patterns and population density were also analyzed, and their relationship has been explored. The results showed that the pattern of urban functional landscapes and population density in the urban functional zones (Urban center, Urban peripheral area, Landscape barrier, Satellite city and Far-suburb) along the urban–rural gradient in Xiamen doesn't totally conform to the classical theories in spatial and social aspects. Urban functional landscapes is potential of acting as bridges between the landscape ecology and urban planning theories, providing scientific support for rational urban landscape planning and urban land use policy making.     

Hyperspectral imagery for disaggregation of land surface temperature with selected regression algorithms over different land use land cover scenes

Land surface temperature (LST), a key parameter in understanding thermal behavior of various terrestrial processes, changes rapidly and hence mapping and modeling its spatio-temporal evolution requires measurements at frequent intervals and finer resolutions. We designed a series of experiments for disaggregation of LST (DLST) derived from the Landsat ETM + thermal band using narrowband reflectance information derived from the EO1-Hyperion hyperspectral sensor and selected regression algorithms over three geographic locations with different climate and land use land cover (LULC) characteristics. The regression algorithms applied to this end were: partial least square regression (PLS), gradient boosting machine (GBM) and support vector machine (SVM). To understand the scale dependence of regression algorithms for predicting LST, we developed individual models (local models) at four spatial resolutions (480 m, 240 m, 120 m and 60 m) and tested the differences between these using RMSE derived from cross-validated samples. The sharpening capabilities of the models were assessed by predicting LST at finer resolutions using models developed at coarser spatial resolution. The results were also compared with LST produced by DisTrad sharpening model. It was found that scale dependence of the models is a function of the study area characteristics and regression algorithms. Considering the sharpening experiments, both GBM and SVM performed better than PLS which produced noisy LST at finer spatial resolutions. Based on the results, it can be concluded that GBM and SVM are more suitable algorithms for operational implementation of this application. These algorithms outperformed DisTrad model for heterogeneous landscapes with high variation in soil moisture content and photosynthetic activities. The variable importance measure derived from PLS and GBM provided insights about the characteristics of the relevant bands. The results indicate that wavelengths centered around 457, 671, 1488 and 2013–2083 nm are the most important in predicting LST. Nevertheless, further research is needed to improve the performance of regression algorithms when there is a large variability in LST and to examine the utility of narrowband vegetation indices to predict the LST. The benefits of this research may extend to applications such as monitoring urban heat island effect, volcanic activity and wildfire, estimating evapotranspiration and assessing drought severity.     

Geophysical signatures of uranium mineralization and its subsurface validation at Beldih,Purulia District,West Bengal,India: a case study

The Beldih open cast mine of the South Purulia Shear Zone in Eastern India is well known for apatite deposits associated with Nb–rare‐earth‐element–uranium mineralization within steeply dipping, altered ferruginous kaolinite and quartz–magnetite–apatite rocks with E–W strikes at the contact of altered mafic–ultramafic and granite/quartzite rocks. A detailed geophysical study using gravity, magnetic, and gradient resistivity profiling surveys has been carried out over ～1 km² area surrounding the Beldih mine to investigate further the dip, depth, lateral extension, and associated geophysical signatures of the uranium mineralization in the environs of South Purulia Shear Zone. The high‐to‐low transition zone on the northern part and high‐to‐low anomaly patches on the southeastern and southwestern parts of the Bouguer, reduced‐to‐pole magnetic, and trend‐surface‐separated residual gravity–magnetic anomaly maps indicate the possibility of highly altered zone(s) on the northern, southeastern, and southwestern parts of the Beldih mine. The gradient resistivity survey on either side of the mine has also revealed the correlation of low‐resistivity anomalies with low‐gravity and moderately high magnetic anomalies. In particular, the anomalies and modeled subsurface features along profile P6 perfectly match with subsurface geology and uranium mineralization at depth. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional residual gravity models along P6 depict the presence of highly altered vertical sheet of low‐density material up to a depth of ～200 m. The drilling results along the same profile confirm the continuation of uranium mineralization zone for the low‐density material. This not only validates the findings of the gravity model but also establishes the geophysical signatures for uranium mineralization as low‐gravity, moderate‐to‐high magnetic, and low‐resistivity values in this region. This study enhances the scope of further integrated geophysical investigations along the South Purulia Shear Zone to delineate suitable target areas for uranium exploration.