An integrated approach for investigating geomorphic response to extreme events: methodological framework and application to the October 2011 flood in the Magra River catchment,Italy

A high‐magnitude flash flood, which took place on 25 October 2011 in the Magra River catchment (1717 km²), central‐northern Italy, is used to illustrate some aspects of the geomorphic response to the flood. An overall methodological framework is described for using interlinked observations and analyses of the geomorphic impacts of an extreme event. The following methods and analyses were carried out: (i) hydrological and hydraulic analysis of the event; (ii) sediment delivery by event landslide mapping; (iii) identification and estimation of wood recruitment, deposition, and budgeting; (iv) interpretation of morphological processes by analysing fluvial deposits; (v) remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of channel width changes. In response to the high‐magnitude hydrological event, a large number of landslides occurred, consisting of earth flows, soil slips, and translational slides, and a large quantity of wood was recruited, in most part deriving from floodplain erosion caused by bank retreat and channel widening. The most important impact of the flood event within the valley floor was an impressive widening of the overall channel bed and the reactivation of wide portions of the pre‐event floodplain. Along the investigated (unconfined or partly confined) streams (total investigated length of 93.5 km), the channel width after the flood was up to about 20 times the channel width before the event. The study has shown that a synergic use of different methods and types of evidence provides fundamental information for characterizing and understanding the geomorphic effects of intense flood events. The prediction of geomorphic response to a flood event is still challenging and many limitations exist; however a robust geomorphological analysis can contribute to the identification of the most critical reaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of lithostratigraphy on the retreat of an unconsolidated sedimentary coastal cliff (St. Lawrence estuary,eastern Canada)

This paper investigates the processes involved in unconsolidated cliff recession using LiDAR surveys (2005, 2010 and 2013) and aerial photographs (1964–2012) at Pointe‐au‐Bouleau, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary, in eastern Canada. The high lithostratigraphic variability of the sediments allowed for the identification of stratigraphic and lithological variables that explain the evolution of coastal cliffs. Space‐for‐time substitution was also used to assess how lithostratigraphy controls the evolution of emerged glaciomarine coastal cliffs over decadal to centennial timescales. This case study presents new quantitative data that contributes to a better understanding of the role of sediment architecture, stratigraphy and geomorphology on coastal evolution. The methodological approach includes the development of a new conceptual model suitable for identifying erosion on cliff coastlines. The high spatial resolution methodology (<5 cm) used herein demonstrates the need for further research using LiDAR data in order to quantify the processes involved in the evolution of coastal cliffs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物运移特征

通过测定科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物的运移量,分析了沙丘类型和生境变化对凋落物运移的影响,并探讨了是否可以通过凋落物运移量的变化来判断营养物质的迁移。结果表明:科尔沁沙地沙丘凋落物的运移过程主要发生在非生长季,呈明显的单峰型季节波动。凋落物运移量在不同沙丘的丘间地、迎风坡、丘顶和背风坡均表现出明显的空间差异性,丘顶的凋落物运移量最大,迎风坡次之,丘间地和背风坡相对较小。凋落物运移量有随距地表高度增加而下降的趋势,距地表高度为0~25 cm时,凋落物运移量最大,显著高于25~50、50~75、75~100 cm 3个高度区间。凋落物运移量与风速在流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘均呈显著的二次曲线正相关,显示风速是影响凋落物运移量动态变化的重要因素。     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组火山岩孔缝单元类型和特征

目前火山岩储层评价的主要依据是储集空间类型和孔渗参数,但储集空间类型与物性参数之间的关系尚不明确。为此,依据松辽盆地全取心井(营一D1井和营三D1井)开展营城组火山岩孔缝单元类型研究及其与孔渗参数关系的分析,取得如下主要认识。首先,研究区火山岩主要发育5种原生孔隙、3种次生孔隙、3种原生裂缝和3种次生裂缝;根据发育过程、分布排列特征的相似性,把储集空间归并为7种孔隙类和2种裂缝类;将上述孔隙类与裂缝类划分为7种组合类型,即7型孔缝单元,分别为①型离散气孔类-次生裂缝类组合型、②型定向气孔类-脱玻化类-次生裂缝类组合型、③型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类组合型、④型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-原生裂缝类组合型、⑤型离散粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-次生裂缝类组合型、⑥型定向粒间孔类-溶蚀孔类-次生裂缝类组合型和⑦型裂缝类组合型。其次,对比按孔隙单元拟合孔渗关系与按整体拟合孔渗关系的函数斜率,7型孔缝单元可划分为3组,即,略低于总体拟合函数(A组)的①型和②型孔缝单元,略高于总体拟合函数(B组)的③型、④型、⑤型和⑥型孔缝单元,远远高于总体拟合函数(C组)的⑦型孔缝单元。第三,除②型单元和⑦型单元之外的其他5型单元的储层物性较好;各型孔缝单元的孔喉分选系数随孔喉半径均值增大而增大,储层非均质性变强;多数孔缝单元具有复杂的岩性-岩相组合;孔缝单元分布与火山机构类型和相带关系密切。第四,依据孔缝单元的孔渗条件和孔渗相关拟合函数可知,应该依据孔缝单元进行储层评价分析,即使赋存于相同岩性的①型、②型单元也需要分别对待。     

辫状河致密砂岩储层构型单元定量表征方法

针对现有辫状河储层构型单元定量表征方法关键参数获取困难且可靠性存疑的问题,以储层构型理论为指导,基于现代辫状河沉积、钻井岩心、录井和测井等资料,提出了基于单一辫状河道宽度的构型单元定量表征方法。首先,根据单井构型单元解释结果,确定同期辫状河道平面分布;其次,根据连井对比剖面,确定连井剖面内单一辫状河道间的界线位置;再次,根据现代辫状河单一辫状河道宽度与构型单元关系定量模型,限定辫状水道宽度、复合心滩长度及宽度等4级构型单元规模;最后,在单一辫状河道内确定4级构型单元平面分布,进而在密集井网区对复合心滩进行解剖,确定单个心滩位置和几何形态。采用该方法对苏××提高采收率试验区盒₈^下_1-3单层辫状河致密砂岩气藏进行了分析,结果表明：该单层砂岩气藏发育5条单一辫状河道,其宽度为1 050~1 890 m;辫状水道宽度为234~435 m;复合心滩长度和宽度分别为1 931~3 569 m、685~1 242 m;单个心滩长度和宽度分别为660~1 880 m、310~1 030 m。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷下白垩统层序构成样式及油气成藏模式

分析在不同构造背景下发育的层序构成样式,可以更加精确地预测有利勘探区带和油气藏。利用地震、钻井、测井、岩心以及古生物等资料,依据层序界面特征,将呼和湖凹陷下白垩统划分为3个二级层序、5个三级层序。依据构造背景,将研究区划分出断控陡坡带、缓坡断阶带、洼槽带等3种构造单元,在此基础上分不同构造单元建立了相应的层序构成样式:断控陡坡型层序构成样式、缓坡断阶型层序构成样式、洼槽型层序构成样式。研究结果表明,不同的构造单元具有各自特征的层序构成样式和沉积体系域构成模式,不同类型层序构成样式也决定了不同的构造单元具有不同的油气成藏模式。在断控陡坡带主要发育断层-岩性和断鼻型油气藏,在缓坡断阶带发育断层-岩性和地层超覆型油气藏,在洼槽带主要发育自生自储型的透镜体油气藏;此外,洼槽边缘可发育断层-岩性型油气藏。     

Discovery of Hesigewula Sag on the western margin of Da Hinggan Mountains in China and its significance in petroleum geology

With Songliao Basin in northeast China entering the middle-late stage of the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, it is urgent to open up new areas for oil and gas exploration on the periphery of the basin. Five sedimentary sags have been discovered in the western margin of the Da Hinggan Mountains through high-precision gravity, magnetic, and electrical prospecting engineering. According to the conditions of the 5 sags such as buried depth, area, and the scale of source rock, Hesigewula Sag was preferentially selected to deploy two-dimensional seismic prospecting and drilling. As a result, the stratigraphic distribution and structure of Hesigewula Sag were preliminarily ascertained, the main sedimentary facies developed in Aershan Formation-Tengger Formation of the Lower Cretaceous was summarized, and the assessment parameters of source rock of Hesigewula Sag were obtained. According to the research results, the Hesigewula Sag can be divided into 3 second-order tectonic units including the western bulge, the central sag, and the eastern bulge respectively, and the sag was formed mainly subject to the west fractures. Three sedimentary facies including fan delta facies, braided river delta facies, and lacustrine facies have been identified in the Aershan Formation-Tengger Formation of the sag. The source rock in the first member and second member of Tengger Formation in the sag features high abundance of organic matter, meeting the standards of good source rocks. The kerogen of the source rock is mainly of type II₁ – II₂. The organic matter in the source rock is characterized by low maturity and it entered the evolution stage of low maturity from the second member of Tengger Formation. Furthermore, Hesigewula Sag bears a strong similarity to other petroliferous sags in Erlian Basin in structure, sedimentation, source rock, and other characteristics. Therefore, it can be preliminarily determined that Hesigewula Sag boasts great potential for oil and gas resources.     

应力调制在华东地区地震预报中的应用

应用应力调制图像法,对上海地区1970～2007年以来的18次ML≥5．0地震进行了检验。结果显示,有15次地震的震前出现了Se值异常单元,虚报地震9次,漏报3次。     

锡林浩特-西乌旗地区航磁场特征与构造单元划分

以2009年内蒙古锡林浩特-西乌旗地区1∶5万比例尺的航磁资料为基础,结合地质、遥感、重力等资料,研究了该区不同构造单元的航磁磁场特征,在综合分析的基础上,对该区的构造单元进行了划分。对比分析显示,基于航磁推断的华北板块北缘断裂与地质上研究结果基本吻合,但锡林浩特地块北缘深断裂位置应从地质位置处北移10~20 km。     

High‐pressure mineral assemblage in granitic rocks from continental units,Alpine Corsica,France

The Popolasca–Francardo area of northern Corsica contains an assemblage of continental tectonic units affected by an Alpine deformation. In one of these units, Unit II, previously regarded as weakly metamorphosed, a metamorphic mineral assemblage characterized by sodic amphibole, phengite, quartz, albite and epidote has been found in an aplite dyke that cuts the dominant granitoids. Peak‐metamorphic temperature and pressure conditions of 300–370°C and 0.50–0.80 GPa, respectively, have been determined. This finding indicates that a continuous belt of continental slices, characterized by high‐pressure, low‐temperature metamorphism of Tertiary age, extends from the Tenda Massif in the north to the Corte area in the south, thus placing additional constraints on the tectonic evolution of Alpine Corsica. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.