Coal strength and Young's modulus related to coal rank,compressional velocity and maceral composition

This paper presents an experimental investigation of coal rank and maceral composition influences on the coal mechanical behaviors. The complete stress–strain behavior, uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, and acoustic compressional velocity were measured and correlated to coal ranks and microstructures. The test results show that coal is an elasto-brittle geo-material and its uniaxial compressive strength and Young's modulus increase as coal rank increases. This occurs because as vitrinite reflectance or coal rank increases, coal has less microporous structure and thus higher uniaxial compressive strength. Therefore, using vitrinite reflectance value instead of vitrinite content is advantageous for correlating coal strength. The experimental results also demonstrate that compressive strength and Young's modulus have positive exponential correlation, even for different types of coal. Therefore, the compressive strength of coal is highly related to its Young's modulus. The uniaxial compressive strength and acoustic compressional velocity of coal are also correlated, but a single correlation does not exist for different coal ranks; instead, different relationships occur for different types of coal.     

Numerical and analytical investigation of compressional wave propagation in saturated soils

In geotechnical earthquake engineering, wave propagation plays a fundamental role in engineering applications related to the dynamic response of geotechnical structures and to site response analysis. However, current engineering practice is primarily concentrated on the investigation of shear wave propagation and the corresponding site response only to the horizontal components of the ground motion. Due to the repeated recent observations of strong vertical ground motions and compressional damage of engineering structures, there is an increasing need to carry out a comprehensive investigation of vertical site response and the associated compressional wave propagation, particularly when performing the seismic design for critical structures (e.g. nuclear power plants and high dams). Therefore, in this paper, the compressional wave propagation mechanism in saturated soils is investigated by employing hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled analytical and numerical methods. A HM analytical solution for compressional wave propagation is first studied based on Biot’s theory, which shows the existence of two types of compressional waves (fast and slow waves) and indicates that their characteristics (i.e. wave dispersion and attenuation) are highly dependent on some key geotechnical and seismic parameters (i.e. the permeability, soil stiffness and loading frequency). The subsequent HM Finite Element (FE) study reproduces the duality of compressional waves and identifies the dominant permeability ranges for the existence of the two waves. In particular the existence of the slow compression wave is observed for a range of permeability and loading frequency that is relevant for geotechnical earthquake engineering applications. In order to account for the effects of soil permeability on compressional dynamic soil behaviour and soil properties (i.e. P-wave velocities and damping ratios), the coupled consolidation analysis is therefore recommended as the only tool capable of accurately simulating the dynamic response of geotechnical structures to vertical ground motion at intermediate transient states between undrained and drained conditions.     

Wave dispersion studies in granular media by analytical and analytical–numerical methods

The phenomenon of wave dispersion in dry sand is studied both by purely analytical studies and by analytical–numerical experiments on the basis of gradient elastic and viscoelastic material models. These material models are employed in order to simulate the microstructural characteristics of dry sand. The analytical studies treat the material body as a one-dimensional (for the viscoelastic case) and three-dimensional (for the gradient elastic case) and for both material models provide explicit expressions for the velocity of propagation of harmonic compressional (P) and shear (S) waves. These velocities are found to be functions of frequency, i.e., dispersive. The analytical–numerical studies treat the material as a one-dimensional one and try to simulate P and S wave propagation along the axial direction of cylindrical dry sand specimens. Thus, a sinusoidal pulse with a specific frequency is applied at one end of the specimen and the response is determined at some other point by solving a transient dynamic boundary value problem with the aid of a numerical Laplace transform. This analytical–numerical experiment is repeated for various frequencies. Thus, one determines the velocities of P and S waves as functions of frequency, thereby proving again that wave propagation in dry sand is dispersive.     

松辽盆地南部白垩纪-古近纪挤压构造的发现与盆地性质探讨

松辽盆地位于欧亚板块东部,毗邻太平洋板块,是叠置于华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间的晚古生代碰撞造山带之上规模最大的中-新生代陆相含油气盆地,具有断、坳双重结构。自白垩纪以来,松辽盆地南部主要经历两期挤压作用:NW-SE向挤压作用发生在下白垩统营城组碎屑岩段-上白垩统泉头组沉积时期,挤压作用持续了18Myr;近E-W向挤压作用发生在四方台组-古近系沉积时期,挤压作用至少持续了39.1Myr。两期挤压作用都表现出东强西弱的特点,第二期挤压作用的变形强度远大于第一期,并且在明水组沉积晚期变形强度最大,这期挤压作用奠定了松辽盆地现今的构造格局。下白垩统营城组上部碎屑岩段-上白垩统泉头组和四方台组-古近系的沉积作用分别记录了第一期、第二期挤压作用形成的反转构造和断层相关褶皱的变形过程。上述构造在不同时期隆升速率与沉积速率之间的关系,控制了盆地的沉积范围、沉积地层的厚度和接触关系在空间上的变化。松辽盆地在上述两个构造演化阶段都处于活动大陆边缘的陆内区域,盆地性质都应属于陆内挤压坳陷盆地。     

Evolution of Eastern Ghats granulite belt of India in a compressional tectonic regime and juxtaposition against Iron Ore Craton of Singhbhum by oblique collision — transpression

Three major episodes of folding are evident in the Eastern Ghats terrain. The first and second generation folds are the reclined type; coaxial refolding has produced hook-shaped folds, except in massif-type charnockites in which non-coaxial refolding has produced arrow head folds. The third generation folds are upright with a stretching lineation parallel to subhorizontal fold axes. The sequence of fold stylesreclinedF ₁and coaxialF ₂, clearly points to an early compressional regime and attendant progressive simple shear. Significant subhorizontal extension duringF ₃folding is indicated by stretching lineation parallel to subhorizontal fold axes. In the massif-type charnockites low plunges ofF ₂folds indicate a flattening type of deformation partitioning in the weakly foliated rocks (magmatic ?). The juxtaposition of EGMB against the Iron Ore Craton of Singhbhum by oblique collision is indicative of a transpressional regime.     

Mantle tomography and its relation to temperature and composition

We propose a new method to constrain lateral variations of temperature and composition in the lower mantle from global tomographic models of shear- and compressional-wave speed. We assume that the mantle consists of a mixture of perovskite and magnesio-wüstite. In a first stage, we directly invert V_P and V_S anomalies for variations of temperature and composition, using the appropriate partial derivatives (or sensitivities) of velocities to temperature and composition. However, uncertainties in the tomographic models and in the sensitivities are such that variations in composition are completely unconstrained. Inferring deterministic distributions of temperature and composition being currently not possible, we turn to a statistical approach, which allows to infer several robust features. Comparison between synthetic and predicted ratios of the relative shear- to compressional-velocity anomalies indicates that the origin of seismic anomalies cannot be purely thermal, but do not constrain the amplitude of the variations of temperature and composition. We show that we can estimate these variations using histograms of the relative V_P and V_S anomalies at a given depth. We computed histograms for a large variety of cases and found that at the bottom of the mantle, variations in the volumic fraction of perovskite from −14 to 10% are essential to explain seismic tomography. In the mid-mantle, anomalies of perovskite are not required, but moderate variations (up to 6%) can explain the observed distributions equally well. These trade-offs between anomalies of temperature and composition cannot be resolved by relative velocity anomalies alone. An accurate determination of temperature and composition requires the knowledge of density variations as well. We show that anomalies of iron can then also be resolved.     

10.6～1.5GPa、室温～1 200℃条件下青藏高原地壳岩石弹性波速特征

通过对采自青藏高原的六种地壳岩石，包括花岗闪长岩、混合岩、片麻岩、玄武岩、辉橄岩及斜长角闪岩等，进行高温高压纵波速度测量，发现绝大多数地壳岩石其纵波速度在压力高于0.2-0.3GPa时基本上随压力线性增加。在固定压力下随温度升高而降低，但在温度较低时这一现象并不明显，随温度的程式高波速出现明显降低。通过对实验后的样品进行显微薄片分析，发现含水矿物的脱水和部分熔融是造成岩石波迅速降低的主要原因。在实验过程中还发现高压下温度较高时，接收到的超声波振幅会增大。对实验中发现的这些现象本文进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

活动褶皱研究及其识别

通过对发生在活动构造挤压区内的Coalinga、El.Asnam、Spitak等地震实例及新疆活动褶皱的分析研究,提出了活动褶皱的分类、活动褶皱研究的意义、内容、方法及其识别。指出同活动断层相似,活褶皱也有粘滑和蠕滑两种形成机制。年轻而快速增长的活褶皱不仅可能是发生地震的地点,其本身也有可能是连续地震的产物。我们称这些具有粘滑机制的活褶皱为地震褶皱;活动褶皱发育的挤压性构造区具有发生中强地震的潜在危险。地震褶皱则是地震震源的一种“指示构造”。同时作为古地震标志,地震褶皱及其派生的近地表活动弯滑断层和弯矩断层等次生断层,其同震生长和滑动可以提供下伏发震断层的复发间隔及其活动历史;由于逆断型地震其发震道断层的滑动不仅在平面分布上具有不均匀性,而且在剖面分布上也存在不均匀性,其量从震源深处向地表有渐小趋势。故主要根据对第四纪地表变形的分析来进行地震危险性评价的方法。在活动构造挤压区有很大的局限性。而平衡剖面法乃是识别和定量研究活动逆断层,特别是隐伏断层的最好方法。     

基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法

流体因子是储层流体识别的重要方法,而叠前地震反演是获得流体因子的有效途径之一.本文从流体因子的构建出发,基于多孔弹性介质岩石物理模型,建立了流体因子与纵横波模量之间的直接关系,避免了流体因子计算所需的密度参数无法准确求取的问题,通过推导基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似方程及弹性阻抗方程,探讨了基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法,模型与实际应用表明,基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法合理、可靠,减少了常规方法间接计算纵横波模量带来的累积误差,基于纵横波模量的流体因子计算方法有较好的实际应用效果.     

中国中-西部4种新生代挤压盆地成藏地质条件及成藏期次

新生代挤压盆地是我国中-西部的重要油气勘探领域。根据挤压盆地的发育部位、盆地基底、充填层序、构造叠加和盆山耦合形式等条件,本文在我国中-西部识别出准(噶尔)西北缘型、四川盆地西缘型、柴(达木)北缘型和准(噶尔)南缘型等4种新生代挤压盆地,前两者发育海西晚期—印支期前陆盆地,后两者具有喜马拉雅造山期的再生前陆盆地特征。对准西北缘、四川盆地西缘、柴北缘和准南缘新生代挤压盆地的对比研究表明,它们在烃源岩、储盖组合等成藏条件上存在明显的差异,而晚期前陆发育对柴北缘型和准南缘型挤压盆地烃源岩演化具有明显的控制作用。在不同新生代挤压盆地典型油气藏解剖研究的基础上,认为燕山期及之前是准西北缘型和四川盆地西缘型挤压盆地主要的成藏期,喜马拉雅造山期则主要表现为准西北缘型挤压盆地的油气藏保存和四川盆地西缘型挤压盆地油气藏的调整和定型;喜马拉雅晚期是柴北缘型挤压盆地最主要的成藏期,而多期前陆盆地的准南缘型挤压盆地具有多期成藏的特征,但喜马拉雅晚期的油气成藏最为重要。