Flow resistance of one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge of a compound open channel

Experiments have been conducted in straight compound channels with and without one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge, in which stream-wise velocities and boundary shear stresses have been measured. The experimental results show that the velocity distribution in the vegetation case is considerably different from that in the no vegetation case and the boundary shear stress is also significantly reduced by the additional flow resistance caused by the vegetation at a similar relative water depth. The apparent shear stress distribution which has been calculated with the boundary shear stress and weight component in the vegetation case is totally different from that in the no-vegetation case. New formulae for friction factors for the with and without vegetation cases are developed using vegetation density and flow parameters. The drag force caused by the vegetation is obtained for two different vegetation density cases and the magnitude of its effect on total flow resistance is then investigated. The force balance method is used to predict discharge and this is compared with the discharge predicted by the new formula. A further analysis of the selection of vegetation spacing is carried out, determining its effect on stage-discharge.     

Bar structure in an arid ephemeral stream

This study describes the structure of gravel bars in Nahal Zin, an ephemeral stream in the Negev desert. The internal structure of the bars was examined along trenches and in shallow pits. Gravel sheets and unit bars form during transporting flow events in the main channel, on intra-bar channels and near bar heads. Unit bars are dominated by the Go facies. Compound bars develop from accretion around, and modification of, unit bars. Compound bars are active under the current flow regime and the average depth of the fill layer is about 35 cm. The structure of compound bars is dominated by Gm (massive), containing large amounts of sand. The second most common facies is clast-supported, openwork, and well sorted sediments of the Go (pebbles) facies. Bar formation, and the development of the range of facies evident in the bars is controlled by sediment supply, particularly the high volumes of sand-sized sediment, the passage of gravel sheets and bedforms during floods, and the lateral and vertical instability of the channel. Repeated scour and fill events have produced a diverse arrangement of facies, with numerous erosional contacts between depositional units. Lateral and downstream shifts in the pattern of scour and fill due to flow and antecedent conditions shape the channel morphology and bar internal structure. Ephemeral river bars differ from those of humid and proglacial rivers in terms of the dominant facies present, the arrangement of the facies within the bars, and the sedimentary structures developed within the depositional units and on the bar surface.     

The effect of geometrical parameters on the discharge capacity of meandering compound channels

A number of methods and formulae has been proposed in the literature to estimate the discharge capacity of compound channels. When the main channel has a meandering pattern, a reduction in the conveyance capacity for a given stage is observed, which is due to the energy dissipations caused by the development of strong secondary currents and to the decrease of the main channel bed slope with respect to the valley bed slope. The discharges in meandering compound channels are usually assessed applying, with some adjustments, the same methods used in the straight compound channels. Specifically, the sinuosity of the main channel is frequently introduced to account for its meandering pattern, although some methods use different geometric parameters.In this paper the stage—discharge curves for several compound channels having identical cross-sectional area, roughness and bed slope but different planimetric patterns are numerically calculated and compared, in order to identify which geometric parameter should be efficaciously used in empirical formulae to account for meandering patterns. The simulations are carried out using a 3D finite-volume model that solves the RANS equations using a k-ε turbulence model. The numerical code is validated against experimental data collected in both straight and meandering compound channels.The numerical results show that the sinuosity is the main parameter to be accounted for in empirical formulae to assess the conveyance capacity of meandering compound channels. Comparison of the stage—discharge curves in the meandering compound channels with that obtained in a straight channel having identical cross-sectional area clearly shows the reduction of discharge due to the presence of bends in the main channel. The effect of other geometric parameters, such as the meander-belt width and the mean curvature radius, results very weak.     

沿海地区复合洪水危险性研究进展

沿海地区频繁遭受洪水灾害,往往并非单一灾种驱动,而是多种致灾因子相互影响的综合结果.文中梳理了沿海地区复合洪水的主要驱动机理,归纳了复合洪水危险性研究中统计模型和动力数值模型两类主要研究方法,并分别阐述了近年来主要进展.复合洪水是极端高潮位(包括天文潮位、风暴潮和海浪)、河流洪水和强降水过程的两两组合或者是三者同时发生...     

中甸弧碰撞造山作用和岩浆成矿系统

中甸弧位于西南三江构造火成岩带义敦岛弧的南端，它的演化经历了洋壳俯冲（210－235Ma）、陆陆碰撞（80－88Ma）和陆内汇聚（28Ma）三大造山作用。在俯冲造山作用中产生了浅成－超浅成斑、玢岩，并发育了与之有关的斑岩型、夕卡岩型、浅成低温热液脉型铜多金属矿床。在碰撞造山作用中形成了与后造山黑云母花岗岩和与之有关的蚀变花岗岩型、石英脉型钨－钼矿床。在陆内汇聚造山作用中产生了深源正长岩类和与之有关的斑岩型金矿。火成岩类型和成矿作用的多样化表明，在中甸弧中具有广阔的找矿前景。     

古深断裂活化与燕山期陆内造山运动——以川南—滇东和中扬子褶皱-冲断系为例

基于花岗岩侵入、构造变形和磨拉石建造(或长期隆起)提出川南—滇东和中扬子地区侏罗-白垩纪时发生造山事件。分析了造山带的内部结构、范围和动力机制,发现川南—滇东褶皱-冲断系为北东向及近南北向断裂控制发育,其西以滇中古陆块与燕山期消减型造山带相隔;中扬子褶皱-冲断系为北西向断裂控制发育,向南西扩展时止于黄陵古陆核。两者均属印支运动后出现的中国—东南亚次大陆外侧的新特提斯洋消减,及嗣后的碰撞激活拼合大陆内的古深断裂活化而发生的燕山期陆内造山运动,构成中国大地构造演化的一个显著特色。     

建立绿洲持续农业的构想：以甘肃高台绿洲为例

以甘肃高台绿洲为例,认为绿洲处于干旱生境中,系统脆弱,自然资源配置不佳且利用不合理,生态与经济效益低下,不利于其长期稳定的发展,持续农业是其发展的最佳选择,建立绿洲持续农业应构建绿洲农业生态系统—农业工程与技术系统—农村社会系统组成的复杂巨系统。     

Morphology and emplacement of flows from the Deccan Volcanic Province,India

The present study is probably the first of its kind in the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) that deals in detail with the morphology and emplacement of the Deccan Trap flows, and employs modern terminology and concepts of flow emplacement. We describe in detail the two major types of flows that occur in this province. Compound pahoehoe flows, similar to those in Hawaii and the Columbia River Basalts (CRB) constitute the older stratigraphic Formations. These are thick flows, displaying the entire range of pahoehoe morphology including inflated sheets, hummocky flows, and tumuli. In general, they show the same three-part structure associated with pahoehoe flows from other provinces. However, in contrast to the CRB, pahoehoe lobes in the DVP are smaller, and hummocky flows are quite common. 'Simple' flows occur in the younger Formations and form extensive sheets capped by highly vesicular, weathered crusts, or flow-top breccias. These flows have few analogues in other provinces. Although considered to be a'a flows by previous workers, the present study clearly reveals that the simple flows differ considerably from typical a'a flows, especially those of the proximal variety. This is very significant in the context of models of flood basalt emplacement. At the same time, they do not display direct evidence of endogenous growth. Understanding the emplacement of these flows will go a long way in determining whether all extensive flows are indeed inflated flows, as has recently been postulated.Most of the studies relating to the emplacement of Continental Flood Basalt (CFB) lavas have relied on observations of flows from the CRB. Much of the current controversy surrounding the emplacement of CFB flows centers around the comparison of Hawaiian lava flows to those from the CRB. We demonstrate that the DVP displays a variety of lava features that are similar to those from the CRB as well as those from Hawaii. This suggests that there may have been more than one mechanism or style for the emplacement of CFB flows. These need to be taken into account before arriving at any general model for flood basalt emplacement.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt     

Reconstruction of palaeohydrological conditions in a lagoon during the 2nd Zechstein cycle through simultaneous use of δD values of individual n-alkanes and δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O and δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C values of carbonates

For the first time ¹⁸O and ¹³C values from carbonates and D values of individual n-alkanes were used to reconstruct palaeohydrological conditions in a lagoon at the southern margin of the Central European Zechstein Basin (CEZB). A 12-m core covering the complete Ca2 interval and adjacent anhydrites (A1 and A2) was analyzed for ¹⁸O and ¹³C values of dolomitized carbonates and D values of individual n-alkanes. ¹⁸O_carb values (+2 to +5 vs. VPDB) were strongly influenced by evaporation and temporal freshwater input into the lagoon. The ¹³C_carb values (–1 to +4 vs. VPDB) were controlled mainly by changes in primary production. Both isotopic ratios show an inverse relationship throughout most of the core, contradicting diagenetic alteration, since ¹³C_carb values are not altered significantly during dolomitization. Assuming a temperature range of 35–40 °C in the lagoon, ¹⁸O_carb values of +2.5 to +8 (vs. VSMOW) for the lagoonal water can be reconstructed. The lagoon may have desiccated twice during the Ca2 interval, as indicated by very high ¹⁸O_carb and low ¹³C_carb values, coinciding with increasing amount of anhydrite in the analyzed sample. These events seem to reflect not just local but a regional intra-Ca2 cyclicity. Measured D values of the short-chain n-alkanes, namely n-C₁₆ and n-C₁₈ which are widely used as indicators for photosynthetic bacterial and algal input, reflect the isotopic composition of the lagoonal water. Assuming constant fractionation during incorporation of hydrogen into lipids of –160, an average D value of +70 (vs. VSMOW) can be reconstructed for the lagoonal water, accounting for very arid conditions. The long-chain n-alkanes n-C₂₇, n-C₂₈, n-C₂₉ and n-C₃₀, thought to be derived from the leaf waxes of terrestrial higher plants, were shown to be depleted in D relative to the short-chain alkanes, therefore indicating a different hydrogen source. Terrestrial plants in arid areas mainly use water supplied by precipitation. By using a smaller fractionation of –120 due to evaporation processes in the leaves, reconstructed values vary between –74 and –9 (vs. VSMOW). These values are not indicating extremely arid conditions, implying that the long-chain n-alkanes were transported trough wind and/or rivers into the lagoon at the Zechstein Sea coast. D_water values, reconstructed using the n-C₁₆ alkane and ¹⁸O _water values, independently reconstructed on the same sample using the temperature dependant fractionation for dolomites are good agreement and suggest high amounts of evaporation affecting the coastal lagoon. Altogether, our results indicate that hydrogen isotopic ratios of n-alkanes give information on their origin and are a useful proxy for palaeoclimatic reconstruction.