Quantitative interrogation of a fossilized carbonate sand body – The Pleistocene Miami oolite of South Florida

Exposures of the Pleistocene Miami oolite in South Florida provide excellent examples of preserved primary sedimentary features and subsequent diagenetic changes of a ‘fossilized’ ooid sand body that has been subaerially exposed in a tropical climate since its deposition during the last interglacial highstand – Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Using a robust airborne light detection and ranging digital terrain model and select outcrops, a detailed analysis of the morphologies and dimensions of the different portions of the Miami oolite was conducted. The sand body, extending 95 km north to south and approximately 15 km wide, consists of shoals (or bars) separated by tidal channels and is partly bounded on the ocean‐facing side by a prograding barrier bar that collectively cover an area of approximately 1000 sq. km. Results of the quantitative interrogation of the Miami oolite are compared with those of previously published work from modern sand bodies on Great Bahama Bank including the Exumas, Schooners Cays and Tongue of the Ocean. Digital terrain models developed for these modern sand bodies on the Great Bahama Bank and the ancient Miami oolite were used as the basis for the definition of shoals, shoal crests (peaks) and channels which were examined with respect to their size, shape and orientation. The Exumas sand body is the best morphometric match when analysing the bars and the channels, and the Joulter Cays area is an analogue for the formation of the barrier bar and for burrow reworking of cross‐bedding within stabilized sand shoals. The Exumas is a particularly compelling analogue for the Miami oolite with respect to length and overall visual comparison between the morphologies of the sand bodies, shoal (or bar) shape, number of tidal channels, channel length and width, and high areas parallel to the strike trend of the sand body (islands in the Exumas and possible islands as part of the Miami oolite barrier bar). Despite ca 115 kyr of subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis including karst, the morphology of the Miami oolite is still relatively intact to the point where it can be easily analysed and meaningful comparisons to modern systems can be made. The Miami oolite serves as a key reference example for comparison to Holocene sand units in the Bahamas – it validates the concept of comparative sedimentology and in particular emphasizes how results from the modern can improve the interpretation of a fossilized example.     

这些是宏观藻类化石吗？：二论洛南生物群

洛南生物群化石体表面大都具有一层黑色碳质薄膜，并且普遍具有次圆形或长椭圆形形态，因而与立体保存的Ｃｈｕａｒｉａ或Ｔａｗｕｉａ等宏观藻类易于混淆。对比研究表明，洛南生物群在化石体保存方式、主要化石形态、化石体表面构造、化石体壁结构、体壁厚度、壁厚与化石直径比以及化石化学成分等诸多方面与宏观藻类化石有着质的区别。三维立体保存的介壳状的生物体形态，较厚的体壁及三层式结构更多的显示壳状实体化石的特征。     

准噶尔北部蛇绿岩形成时限新证据及其东、西准噶尔蛇绿岩的对比研究

准噶尔北部出露有塔尔巴哈台库吉拜蛇绿岩、洪古勒楞-和布克赛尔蛇绿岩及扎河坝-阿尔曼太蛇绿岩。洪古勒楞蛇绿岩中的堆晶辉长岩样品进行SHRIMP U-Pb定年,结果为472±8.4Ma(MSWD=1.4),限定洪古勒楞-和布克赛尔蛇绿岩形成于早奥陶世。对扎河坝蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩采用SHRIMP U-Pb方法测定年龄为495.9±5.5Ma(MSWD=2.7),证实扎河坝蛇绿岩形成于晚寒武世-早奥陶世。塔尔巴哈台蛇绿岩、和布克赛尔-洪古勒楞蛇绿岩以及扎河坝-阿尔曼太蛇绿岩均在早奥陶世已经形成,大部分以断层侵位的形式侵位于泥盆纪-石炭系火山-沉积地层中。准噶尔北部东西三段蛇绿岩在形成时代、区域地质以及地球物理特征等方面具有可对比性,认为它们构成一条贯穿东、西准噶尔的蛇绿岩带,这为新疆北部及邻区古生代构造格局的重建以及区域构造的对比连接提供了重要信息。     

探空气球漂移位置订正在MM5模式中的应用研究

通过对模式MM5V37中客观分析系统加以改进,并采用包含有实际探空气球在各个气压层上精确的经纬度信息的新型探空资料,加以研究探空资料随高度的漂移对高分辨率中尺度数值模式MM5V37的影响。通过对一次层状云降水个例的模拟可看出:位置订正所带来的初始场差异在低层较小,高层较大,且在500 hPa以上较明显;位置订正对模拟的气象要素场的修正有明显的正面效果,对强降水天气系统的反映比较敏感;模拟结果对于雨区分布和强降水中心的位置有较大改进;位置订正后的评分总体优于不加探空和不加漂移的评分,随着模式分辨率的提高,位置订正后对小量级降水的模拟效果欠佳,但对大量级降水的模拟效果较好。     

软土地区某场地扩底桩原型现场对比试验研究

为了解软土地区钻孔扩底灌注桩的工作机理,研究了申嘉湖杭高速公路练杭支线某场地扩底桩与直桩的竖向静荷载对比试验。通过对现场测试结果的分析,探讨钻扩桩的承载特性和竖向承载力,讨论单桩竖向承载力与桩侧摩擦力、桩端阻力的关系及发挥特性。研究结果表明,在软土地区应用扩底桩是完全可行的,扩底桩能够充分发挥持力层的承载潜力,对提高单桩承载力、减小桩体沉降效果显著;研究结果还表明,软土地区扩底桩工作机理与其他地区略有不同。     

软土路基桥头跳车处理方法的对比研究

软土路基桥头跳车现象严重影响了行车安全和道路的正常使用。从产生桥头跳车现象的主要原因着手,简要介绍了目前处理桥头跳车现象的各种方法。通过有限元软件对真空预压、设置弧形搭板、多级搭板以及真空预压和弧形搭板结合等方法进行了比较研究,得出了各种处理方法的处理效果,其中真空预压和弧形搭板结合的方法对于减小最大沉降量和差异沉降效果明显。     

基于新疆分量式钻孔应变异常时间的地震强度预测研究

研究了利用钻孔应变异常时间预测地震震级问题。从实际工作需要出发,在做了大量震例总结和比较了前人的工作之后,首次得到了更加适合新疆地区的异常时间与震级之间的统计关系式,即Ms=5．4＋0．004T±0．5。讨论了3个预测震级公式的优缺点及存在的问题,一些不合理的因素得到改善,震级预测误差明显减小,这对新疆地区的地震强度预测有实际意义。     

Comparative Analysis of Risk Assessment of Landslides and Debris Flows of China in 2000 and 2010

Landslides and debris flows occurr in China frequently and cause disastrous losses of life and property. The risk assessment of landslides and debris flows and their spatial variations were comparatively analyzed in this paper, which has great significance for disaster prevention. This article selected 1 km×1 km grid as the assessment unit and with support of GIS technique, analyzed landslide and debris-flow risk distribution and their spatial variations from 2000 to 2010. The research results indicated that the spatial distribution of risk classes in 2000 and 2010 was obviously discrepant. Overall, taking the Heihe-Tengchong population density line as the boundary, the west of the line is mainly low risk area; the east of the line is mainly high risk area. Compared with the risk of 2000, the risk values of 2010 increased, with the high risk area and low risk area enlarged, moderate risk area reduced. The moderate risk area is the most unstable and sensitive risk area, and its risk class variation is significant. However, China is not a region with the high risk of landslide and debris-flow hazard at present. In the following next 10 years, the risk of landslides and debris flows in China will continue to increase.     

中美地理学近百年发展脉络的比较研究——基于《地理学报》和Annals of the Association of American

基于《地理学报》和Annals of the Association of American Geographers学术论文的统计,对比近百年中美两国地理学的发展脉络,着重从总体特征、重点研究内容及其变化、理论—实践关系三方面对比异同,获得经验和借鉴。美国地理学经过初期发展、高速发展后,目前进入持续发展阶段;中国地理学在曲折中崛起,目前正处在高速发展时期。美国地理学中人文地理学一直居主导地位,中国则从重视自然地理开始逐渐向自然、人文、方法三足鼎立方向迈进;美国地理学家非常重视微观、中观实践,但在国家宏观决策中远没有中国地理学家发挥作用更直接。美国地理学研究水平高于中国,但这种差距正在缩小,研究方向的变化相差3~5年。世界地理研究中心有向亚太地区、向中国转移的可能,中国地理学家要勇于创建具有中国特色的地理学派。     

不同云微物理方案对“7.21”特大暴雨模拟的对比试验

利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.5.1中的17种不同云微物理过程参数化方案,对2012年7月21—22日北京特大暴雨过程进行了对比试验。模拟结果表明:不同云微物理方案对不同量级降水的模拟效果各有优势。NSSL 1-momlfo方案对中雨和大暴雨两个等级降水的模拟效果最好,降水中心值最接近实况;Eta(Ferrier)和Kessler方案分别对大雨和暴雨等级降水的模拟效果最好。总体上,能够较好地模拟出本次特大暴雨过程的方案依次为:NSSL 1-mom、NSSL 1-momlfo和Milbrandt 2-mom方案,而WDM6方案的模拟效果最差。云中水成物演变特征表明,模拟较好的方案中液态水、云冰和霰的含量较多,且随时间演变与地面降水强度的变化相一致。另外,模拟较好的方案中冰相粒子多,过冷水的范围大、含量高,有利于各相态粒子相互转化,促进冰相过程发展,致使降水量增多。