Timing and cause of water level fluctuations in Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, over the past 5000 years

We reconstructed late Holocene fluctuations of Kluane Lake in Yukon Territory from variations in bulk physical properties and carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotopic abundances in nine sediment cores. Fluctuations of Kluane Lake in the past were controlled by changes in climate and glaciers, which affected inflow of Slims and Duke rivers, the two largest sources of water flowing into the lake. Kluane Lake fluctuated within a narrow range, at levels about 25 m below the present datum, from about 5000 to 1300 cal yr BP. Low lake levels during this interval are probably due to southerly drainage of Kluane Lake to the Pacific Ocean, opposite the present northerly drainage to Bering Sea. Slims River, which today is the largest contributor of water to Kluane Lake, only rarely flowed into the lake during the period 5000 to 1300 cal yr BP. The lake rose 7-12 m between 1300 and 900 cal yr BP, reached its present level around AD 1650, and within a few decades had risen an additional 12 m. Shortly thereafter, the lake established a northern outlet and fell to near its present level.     

塔里木盆地阿克苏地区下寒武统玉尔吐斯组两套黑色岩系的差异及成因

玉尔吐斯组黑色页岩是塔里木盆地寒武系盐下最具有潜力的烃源岩之一,普遍认为其沉积于统一、相似的沉积环境(斜坡相),而作者的研究结果与上述结论不符。为了探讨两套在岩石矿物组合方面完全不同的黑色岩系分布规律和成因,并重建其各自的沉积模式,本文对研究区12条剖面进行了详细描述、测量,从沉积学特征、岩矿鉴定入手,结合扫描电子显微镜、X-衍射、地球化学等分析手段,着重研究了库勒剖面和于提希剖面两套黑色岩系的沉积学特征和地球化学特征差异。沉积层序、岩石矿物组合、微量元素富集系数、氧化还原敏感元素比值(V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、U/Th)、REE+Y配分模式、有机质含量以及饱和烃色谱特征分析结果表明:两套黑色页岩均为有机质高度富集的,处于热成熟生油阶段的海相优质烃源岩(干酪根类型Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2型,第一套黑色页岩TOC均值为5.37%,第二套TOC均值为1.46%),均沉积于海水氧化-还原分层的还原环境,但各自的空间展布规律和控制因素差异较大。建立了热液喷流缺氧模式和斜坡缺氧沉积模式:第一套黑色页岩主要沉积于第一个旋回海侵高峰期水体较深、沉积速率较高的内缓坡,其发育主要受热液喷流活动、微生物活动以及氧化还原条件影响,分布范围广,台内厚,缓坡带薄,靠近台内或台地内部热液喷流中心的裂洼陷主要控制着该套黑色页岩的展布,成烃生物以底栖藻类、细菌为主,少量浮游藻类为辅;而第二套黑色页岩主要沉积于第二旋回海侵初期水体不断变深的中-外缓坡低能带,其发育主要受古生产力、氧化还原条件以及古地形(斜坡陡缓)控制,分布范围局限,外缓坡带厚度较稳定,靠近台内不发育,成烃生物以浮游藻类为主,微生物和低等水生生物为辅,其发育条件则在台缘中-外缓坡更为有利。     

华北北部中生代岩墙群

岩墙群是深源岩浆浅侵位的产物，它可提供有关壳-幔演化的重要信息。通过华北北部大同早中生代碳酸岩-煌斑岩岩墙群、赤峰早中生代闪长玢岩岩墙群、林西中生代辉绿岩岩墙群、京北晚中生代双峰式岩墙群的对比研究，揭示了华北中生代存在的两次底侵作用及其相关的伸展作用。华北早、晚中生代岩墙群与晋北地区元古代岩墙群的初步对比，从一个侧面反映了华北壳幔的演变。     

Complex interplay between depositional and petrophysical environments in Holocene tidal carbonates (Al Ruwais,Qatar)

Carbonate rocks can be classified in terms of those properties relating to the pore system of lithified sediments, so‐called ‘petrophysical rock types’, or ‘depositional rock types’ which are categorized based on characteristics directly reflecting their original depositional environment. Whereas petrophysical rock types are typically used to identify and distribute rock bodies within a reservoir with similar flow characteristics, depositional rock types ignore pore types and capture sedimentary structures, lithology and fossils. Both classification systems are extensively used to describe reservoir rocks, but the degree of plurality between them remains poorly understood and is the motivation for this study. To examine the degree of congruency between the two classification schemes, a field assessment was conducted for a 175 km² area situated offshore Al Ruwais, northern Qatar, encompassing depositional environments spanning supratidal, intertidal, shallow subtidal and open marine conditions. A total of 350 surficial sediment samples were collected along 24 shore‐normal transects. Each sample was assigned a ‘petrophysical rock type’ class based on analysis of sedimentary texture (grain size and sorting). ‘Depositional rock type’ classes, by contrast, were defined with reference to faunal content and, in turn, classes of mineralogy were delimited by weighting this content against the mineralogy of each faunal category. Of course, the samples studied correspond to unconsolidated sediments and not to indurated rocks. However, considering only primary porosity and permeability preservation, it is reasonable to assume that the classified sediments would become petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types when consolidated, following their primary grain size, sorting and grain type distribution. Therefore, the term ‘rock type’ is retained here for ease of terminology but, for clarity, these are sediment samples. The discrete samples were interpolated into continuous surfaces describing the distribution of depositional rock types, petrophysical rock types and mineralogy, and spatial correspondence between those surfaces was statistically evaluated. In order to link these parameters with environment of deposition, their correlation with water depth (as audited from airborne light detection and ranging) and ecological habitat (mapped from DigitalGlobe satellite imagery) was also assessed. The data reveal that spatial distributions of sedimentary faunal, petrographic and mineralogical properties do not show exactly congruent patterns. Other meaningful trends do exist, however. For example, the occurrence of certain depositional rock types is indicative of particular petrophysical rock types, and vice versa. Further, connections between petrophysical rock types and mineralogy are emphasized and offer insight as to how the evolution of matrix porosity might be predicted via diagenetic models tuned to specific sediment textures. Useful relationships are also identified between the occurrence of petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types, and both ecological habitat and water depth. The potential of such dualities is two‐fold. Firstly, they can be applied to more realistically distribute petrophysical rock types and depositional rock types by environment of deposition in reservoir models and, secondly, the use of modern carbonate systems as subsurface analogues might be enhanced.     

Masculinities and femininities of drinking in Finland,Italy and Sweden: Doing,modifying and unlinking gender in relation to different drinking places

In this article we analyze how Finnish, Italian and Swedish men and women are doing, modifying and unlinking gender in relation to different drinking places and situations. In the study, Finland and Sweden represent the Nordic intoxication-oriented drinking cultures, whereas Italy, in turn, represents the Mediterranean meal drinking cultures. The data were collected in a similar way in Finland, Italy and Sweden from 2007 to 2010, covering four different age groups. From each country at least eight male and eight female groups were selected, i.e. two male and two female groups from each age group, one representing higher and the other lower social status professions. All focus groups were asked to interpret a set of pictures representing different kinds of drinking places and situations, such as a couple’s moderate wine drinking at a sidewalk table, heavy drinking among men in a bus, and playful drinking among women while dancing. In the analysis we emphasize the flexibility of doing gender and the possibility of challenging conventional gender performances. We assume that doing gender is a multi-dimensional process mediated by structures, hierarchies, identities, situations and agency. Our analysis presents a mosaic repertoire of masculinities and femininities that change shape depending on how the place is seen in terms of a drinking space or situation. The masculinities and femininities are not reducible to any single hierarchy of dominant and subordinate masculinities and femininities. Rather, the doing, modifying and unlinking of masculinities and femininities vary by geographical area, age and/or education, as well as by drinking situation.     

Biostratigraphy,palaeoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy of the Aptian sedimentary succession at Jebel Bir Oum Ali (Northern Chain of Chotts,South Tunisia): Comparison with contemporaneous Tethyan series

The Aptian sedimentary succession of the Chott region in southern Tunisia was deposited on the margin of the Saharan shield, and is punctuated by numerous hiatuses that separate seven 3rd-order depositional sequences. Early Aptian deposits correspond to the Berrani Member (early Bedoulian), which was deposited contemporaneously with the large carbonate platforms with rudists that developed under oligo-mesotrophic, tropical environmental conditions on both margins of the Tethys. Late Bedoulian sediments were deposited under mesotrophic conditions characterized by seagrass, algae, abundant orbitolinids and aragonite-producing organisms. The early to late Aptian transition was marked by the temporary disappearance of carbonate platforms and an important renewal of the microfauna, whose tests and skeletons became less and less aragonite-rich and more and more calcite-rich and arenaceous. This episode is reported from both Tethyan margins. The platform was subsequently flooded, and dysoxic environments with annelids marked the end of the early Aptian carbonate platform development. An arid and probably colder episode (earliest late Aptian) induced the deposition of gypsum in an intrashelf basin. Following on top, the return to more humid conditions triggered an enhanced input of detrital material in fluvio-deltaic environments (late Aptian). Finally, the return to oligo-mesotrophic, marine conditions allowed the temporary installation of wide lagoons with rudists in the latest Aptian and probably in the earliest Albian. Long-distance correlations have been established by means of benthic foraminiferal occurrences. They highlight the importance of stratigraphic gaps linked to low sea levels, which have been tentatively estimated.     

西准噶尔与环巴尔喀什斑岩型铜矿床成矿条件及成矿模式对比研究

西准噶尔与环巴尔喀什地处中亚成矿域腹地,发育着许多大型和超大型斑岩铜矿床,构成了中亚成矿域最重要的斑岩铜矿床集中区。二者的成矿动力学背景略有差异,成矿岩浆条件和成矿物源有一定的差异,所形成的斑岩铜矿床有所不同。西准噶尔斑岩铜矿床以新发现的包古图斑岩铜矿床为代表,该矿床位于达拉布特不成熟岛弧南部;含矿岩浆为中钾钙碱性中性岩浆,侵位较深(5～10km);S(δ34S=-2.4‰～0.4‰)和Pb(206Pb/204Pb=17.92～18.89,207Pb/204Pb=15.45～15.62,208Pb/204Pb=37.68～38.36)同位素指示成矿物质来自地幔。含矿中性杂岩体由早期闪长岩体和晚期闪长玢岩岩株组成,含矿岩体发育碱性(黑云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化)和酸性(绢云母化和硅化)蚀变;以浸染状矿化为主,有少量的脉状矿化。环巴尔喀什斑岩铜矿床以科翁腊德和阿克都卡等超大型斑岩铜矿床为代表,这些矿床位于巴尔喀什-伊犁岩浆弧北部,含矿岩浆为中高钾(科翁腊德)和高钾(阿克都卡)钙碱性中酸性岩浆,侵位很浅(科翁腊德)和较浅(阿克都卡);S(δ34S=0.7‰～6.0‰)和Pb同位素分析表明,成矿物质来自地幔和地壳。含矿岩体为连续分异的中酸性杂岩体,包括辉长岩-闪长岩-石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-斜长花岗岩等;科翁腊德含矿岩体发育酸性蚀变(高级泥化、绢云母化和硅化)和少量的碱性蚀变(钾长石化、黑云母化和硅化),阿克都卡含矿岩体发育碱性蚀变(钾长石化、黑云母化和硅化)和酸性蚀变(绢云母化和硅化);矿化均为浸染状和脉状矿化。     

Microstructures,subglacial till deposition,and shear band development revealing up-section changes in shear–A study from Weissbach,Austria

Tills from an exposure in Wildschönau Valley, northern Austria were examined using microsedimentological techniques. The tills exhibit a range of microstructures indicative of soft sediment deformation within temperate subglacial bed conditions. The tills can be subdivided at the macroscale into a lower grey and upper red till both of which exhibit some sedimentological variations; however, at the micro-level the tills appear essentially identical. The microstructures in the tills are illustrative of structures developed during deformation both during and following their emplacement. Of note are the microshears within these tills that are demonstrative of changes in applied stress. Both low (<25°) and high angle (>25°) microshears were mapped and their fabric data analyzed. The microshears show a change in stress levels ascending through successive till units. The changes in stress are demonstrative of spatially and temporally changing rheological conditions undergone by the subglacial tills during deformation, ongoing deposition/ emplacement and stress localization. These findings indicate that microstructures reveal local deformation conditions in tills and a more detailed micro-history of paleo-stress.     

New geological framework for Western Amazonia (Brazil) and implications for biogeography and evolution

Although many of the current hypotheses to explain the origin and distribution of the Amazon biodiversity has been based directly or indirectly on geological data, the reconstruction of the geological history of the Amazon region is still inadequate to analyze its relationship with the biodiversity. This work has the main goal to characterize the sedimentary successions formed in the Brazilian Amazon in the Neogene-Quaternary discussing the evolution of the depositional systems through time and analyzing their main controlling mechanisms in order to fill up this gap. Radar image interpretation, sedimentological studies, and radiocarbon dating allowed the mapping of Plio-Pleistocene to Holocene units along the Solimões-Amazonas River, Brazil. This integrated work led to the characterization of five sedimentary successions overlying Miocene deposits of the Solimões/Pebas Formation, which include the following: Içá Formation (Plio-Pleistocene), deposits Q1 (37,400-43,700 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), deposits Q2 (27,200 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), deposits Q3 (6730-2480 ¹⁴C yr B.P.), and deposits Q4 (280-130 ¹⁴C yr B.P.). These deposits occur mostly to the west of Manaus, forming NW-SE elongated belts that are progressively younger from SW to NE, indicating a subsiding basin with a depocenter that migrated to the NE. The reconstruction of the depositional history is consistent with significant changes in the landscapes. Hence, the closure of a large lake system at the end of the Miocene gave rise to the development of a Plio-Pleistocene fluvial system. This was yet very distinct from the modern drainage, with shallow, energetic, highly migrating, braided to anastomosed channels having an overall northeast outlet. This fluvial system formed probably under climatic conditions relatively drier than today's. During the early Pleistocene, there was pronounced erosion, followed by a renewed depositional phase ca. 40,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., with the development of prograding lobes and/or crevasse splays associated with a lake system (i.e., fan-delta) and/or fluvial flood plain areas. After a period of erosion, a fluvial system with eastward draining channels started to develop at around 27,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The fluvial channels were overflooded in mid-Holocene time. This flooding is attributed to an increased period of humidity, with a peak between 5000 and 2500 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The data presented herein support that, rather than being a monotonous area, the Amazonia was a place with frequent changes in landscape throughout the Neogene-Quaternary, probably as a result of climatic and tectonic factors. We hypothesize that these changes in the physical environment stressed the biota, resulting in speciation and thus had a great impact on modern biodiversity.     

A coquinoid tsunamite from the Pliocene of Salento (SE Italy)

A Pliocene composite shell concentration from a shallow-marine carbonate succession located in the small, slowly subsiding Novoli graben (Salento peninsula, Puglia, S-Italy) is interpreted as a tsunamite. This interpretation is based on taphonomic, palaeoecological and sedimentologic features. The deposit appears to drape the previous substrate, with thinning on the topographic highs and thickening in the lows, and consists of up to six sub-layers showing repeated grading (normal and reverse), suggesting that deposition occurred during up to six surges. The shell assemblage results from a chaotic mixing of taxa spanning a large spectrum of environments and taphonomic features. Although a fraction of broken shells is present, most shells are integral, suggesting a transport mechanism preventing strong impacts. On the other hand, the high comminution of skeletal remains occurring in the matrix of the deposit is thought to reflect the composition of sea-floor sediment before the inferred high-energy event.The predominance of displaced, but still articulated valves indicates that bivalves were mostly transported while still alive, after having been lifted from the sea bed. Exhumation, displacement, and large-scale transport of large-sized, deep-infaunal organisms (such as Panopea) implies that across relatively large areas the upper few decimetres of the middle–inner shelf floor were eroded by highly turbulent flows of exceptional intensity. A transport as turbulent suspension, very rapid deposition and immediate and permanent burial are strongly suggested by the general integrity of the shells indicating limited effects of physical damage and lack of biological alteration. The variable faunal characteristics of the unit lying below the inferred tsunamite suggest that deposition of the latter took place in settings ranging from a somewhat restricted, relatively low-energy bay, to a more open inner-shelf environment.