河南洛阳龙门石窟溶蚀病害机理的研究

河南洛阳龙门石窟位于碳酸盐岩体中,易于溶蚀。近年来,石窟区伊河水以及雨水中Cl-、SO2-3等有害离子明显增加,加剧了石窟的岩溶病害。在龙门石窟溶蚀现4、NO-4、NH+状调查的基础上,从岩溶的空间分布规律、岩体结构渗水连通网络和微观结构等方面探讨了溶蚀病害的机理。提出治理龙门石窟溶蚀病害的根本途径是治水,应该通过裂隙注浆,设置地表防渗铺盖和地表排水系统等止水措施,杜绝雨水入渗到洞窟内溶蚀雕刻品。此外,对现有岩溶沉淀物可以采用软化剥离的方法进行人工清除,对雕刻品上的溶洞、溶沟等可采用石窟原岩岩屑调制的修复砂浆进行充填修复。     

公路路基填土沉降特性分析

综合运用土力学和土质学的基本原理，通过对拉林河至长春高速公路沿线五种比较典型的压实填土沉降特性的研究，对每种土样分别在不同密实度、分级荷载应力作用下进行压缩试验，掌握其沉降变形特性。研究表明，公路路基压实性主要受填土的颗粒级配、形状及最大干密度的影响，且压实不足是路堤沉降的主要原因。经工程实际观察表明试验数据的分析结果与实践相吻合。对压实填土在工程应用时的控制标准提出了建议。     

环境放射性危害

文章介绍了引起居室内放射性污染的来源及其危害，提醒入们在居室装修时尽量使用环保型的合格建材，防止放射性对人体的伤害。     

Insolation weathering and hygric dilatation: two competitive factors in stone degradation

In the natural environment, temperature and moisture are very important parameters in stone degradation. Therefore, on 28 samples from different lithologies (magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks) thermal and hygric expansion measurements were performed in order to constrain their behaviour related to environmental changes. It was shown that marbles, even those that are dolomitic, are sensitive to temperature impacts. For rocks with clay minerals the effect of temperature may be responsible for shrinking. Finally the amount of residual strain, i.e. the formation of microcracks due to temperature action controls the rate of stone degradation. For most sedimentary rocks no residual strain after heating was observed. In contrast to most magmatic and metamorphic low-porosity rocks, sedimentary rocks contain swelling minerals (like smectite and even phyllosilicates), which are very sensitive to hygric attacks. The cycles of wetting and drying, i.e. the natural environmental effects, may significantly control the deterioration velocity caused by hygric expansion.     

Volcanic tuffs from Hesse (Germany) and their weathering behaviour

In the Hessian region of Germany numerous deposits of tuffs are known from which natural building stones were extracted. Many buildings show examples of the use of this material in the past. In contrast to their attractive appearance and ease of extraction from quarries, tuffs are liable to destruction by weathering. Most common damages are disintegration, crumbling, cracking, scaling and flaking. In this paper, the causes of damage of selected varieties have been analysed using petrographical and petrophysical methods. The measured values are disadvantageous in comparison to other natural building stones. Large amounts of swellable clay minerals, mostly forming the cementing material, cause scaling due to repeated humidification. High porosity including negative pore structures and high adsorption effects results in structural damages while freezing. Consequently, most varieties of the described tuffs possess a limited usage as an outdoor building material.     

First Occurrence of M andarinoite in China

This report describes the first occurrence of the rare mineral mandarinoite (Fe3+2 Se3Og · 6H2O) in China. It occurs in the Lower Permian Maokou Formation carbonaceous shale in Yutangba Village east of Enshi City in southwestern Hubei Province. The shale is selenium-rich and contains native selenium, V-Mo-Cr-bearing iron oxide, clay and quartz. Weathering of the selenium in the bedrock under moderate to high redox conditions in the presence of ferric iron has formed mandarinoite.     

Aspects of the structural evolution of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal and the shelf and slope area offshore Portugal

The study provides a regional seismic interpretation and mapping of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession of the Lusitanian Basin and the shelf and slope area off Portugal. The seismic study is compared with previous studies of the Lusitanian Basin. From the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous the study area experienced four rift phases and intermittent periods of tectonic quiescence. The Triassic rifting was concentrated in the central part of the Lusitanian Basin and in the southernmost part of the study area, both as symmetrical grabens and half-grabens. The evolution of half-grabens was particularly prominent in the south. The Triassic fault-controlled subsidence ceased during the latest Late Triassic and was succeeded by regional subsidence during the early Early Jurassic (Hettangian) when deposition of evaporites took place. A second rift phase was initiated in the Early Jurassic, most likely during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian. This resulted in minor salt movements along the most prominent faults. The second phase was concentrated to the area south of the Nazare Fault Zone and resulted here in the accumulation of a thick Sinemurian–Callovian succession. Following a major hiatus, probably as a result of the opening of the Central Atlantic, resumed deposition occurred during the Late Jurassic. Evidence for Late Jurassic fault-controlled subsidence is widespread over the whole basin. The pattern of Late Jurassic subsidence appears to change across the Nazare Fault Zone. North of the Nazare Fault, fault-controlled subsidence occurred mainly along NNW–SSE-trending faults and to the south of this fault zone a NNE–SSW fault pattern seems to dominate. The Oxfordian rift phase is testified in onlapping of the Oxfordian succession on salt pillows which formed in association with fault activity. The fourth and final rift phase was in the latest Late Jurassic or earliest Early Cretaceous. The Jurassic extensional tectonism resulted in triggering of salt movement and the development of salt structures along fault zones. However, only salt pillow development can be demonstrated. The extensional tectonics ceased during the Early Cretaceous. During most of the Cretaceous, regional subsidence occurred, resulting in the deposition of a uniform Lower and Upper Cretaceous succession. Marked inversion of former normal faults, particularly along NE–SW-trending faults, and development of salt diapirs occurred during the Middle Miocene, probably followed by tectonic pulses during the Late Miocene to present. The inversion was most prominent in the central and southern parts of the study area. In between these two areas affected by structural inversion, fault-controlled subsidence resulted in the formation of the Cenozoic Lower Tagus Basin. Northwest of the Nazare Fault Zone the effect of the compressional tectonic regime quickly dies out and extensional tectonic environment seems to have prevailed. The Miocene compressional stress was mainly oriented NW–SE shifting to more N–S in the southern part.     

固化软土微观结构效应

为了尽快提高地基加固的效率,对吹填土采用水泥和石灰进行快速加固,对加入添加剂固化后吹填土的微观结构应用计算机图像处理技术进行了定量分析,得出了袁征结构单元体和孔隙大小、形态及定向性等结构要素的定量评价指标.不同的添加剂含量对结构单元体大小的影响较大,当水泥掺入比为15%而石灰的掺入比为20%时,添加剂的胶结作用表现最好;添加剂的加入使得孔隙变小,结构变得比较致密,固化后土体强度得到了一定提高.     

四川华蓥山构造岩溶地质公园地质景观与成因探讨

华蓥山地质公园地质景观丰富，为不同阶段岩溶作用的产物。地表石林以高登山石林为代表；地面湖泊天池为四川省最大的构造一高位岩溶湖泊；地下岩溶洞穴在园内分布有上百处。此外，华蓥山大断裂是四川盆地内最重要的基底断裂之一，在园区连续出露40km以上，故其是研究此断裂的最好地区。该地质公园内地质景观具有重要的地学科考价值，其美学价值和观赏性也极具特色，具有不可替代性。     

Making an impermeable clay core from a flysch mudrock

A flysch mudrock was used for the construction of the core of the Evinos embankment dam. The thinly bedded, slightly weathered and intensely folded mudrock was thoroughly investigated in order to prove its suitability to form an impermeable core. Proper winning and placing methods could produce an adequately impermeable homogeneous and plastic core material. The resulting material had a fines content (d < 0.076 mm) around 50%, low plasticity, high strength and small permeability. After a trial fill, placement procedures were finalised and the core was successfully built with small variations in its properties. A substantial increase in the depth of the borrow pit did not influence the core quality. The instrumentation results during construction and for the subsequent three years, showed that design assumptions were greatly validated and a clay material of low permeability was produced.