Stone cover and slope factors influencing hillside surface runoff and infiltration: laboratory investigation

In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation in an extensive area was used to study the infiltration, and interception and storage from surface runoff in points with different stone cover percentages (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and slopes (5°, 10° and 20°). The experimental results of this study showed that the interrelationships among the slope, stone cover percentage, groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds were varied and irregular. No systematic patterns were detected for the change in the groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds with different stone cover percentages at different slopes and no threshold values were apparent. For a 5° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff was reduced, the infiltration and the groundwater level experienced no significant change, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 10° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 20° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. With or without stone cover, when the hydraulic conductivity of the top material is close to that of fine sand or laterite, an increase in the slope gradient decreased the amount of surface runoff and increased the storage amount of the ponds. As for the stone distribution, an interlaced style showed better performance in the interception and storage of ponds than that of a regular style. There was no significant change in the groundwater level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天然石材的放射性评价

摘 要　 天然石材用作饰面材料时,应按 《天然石材放射防护分类控制标准》（犑犆５１８—９３） 进 行放射性评价。在石材矿山和石材产品放射性评价中,可采用核地球物理中地面 γ能谱和γ 总量 （照射量率） 检测方法,γ照射量率检出上限为５ ２狀犆／犽犵·犺。石材产品按内外照射限制 值 犆 犚犪 和 犆犲犚犪 的高低分为犃、犅、犆３大类。犆犲犚犪 超过１０００犅狇／犽犵的石材不可用作饰面材料。     

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区海底冲淤变化研究

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区位于辽东湾顶潮汐水道区。通过不同时期实测水深对比,得出该区海底冲淤变化趋势:海区总体呈微淤态势,潮汐水道两侧浅滩淤积,两侧边坡一侧侵蚀另一侧淤积,发生平面迁移。管道路由一线蚀淤幅度较小,一般不超过0.5 m,最大侵蚀区发生在水道底和两侧边坡,是海底输油管道容易冲刷悬空的潜在危险区,需采取深埋措施提高安全性。     

The theoretical study on diagonal wave interaction with perforated-wall breakwater with rock fill

The interaction of diagonal waves with perforated-wall breakwater partially filled with rock fill is studied using the linear potential theory. By means of the matched eigenfunction expansion method, an analytical method is presented to calculate the reflection coefficient and the wave force coefficient of the breakwater. The calculated results of the reflection coefficient for limiting cases are the same to the existing results. The main effect factors of the reflection coefficient and the wave force coefficient are analyzed by numerical examples. With the increasing of thickness of rock fill, the wave force coefficient on the perforated wall generally decreases, while the reflection coefficient increases. With the increasing of the incident angle of the wave, the reflection coefficient of the breakwater first decreases, reaches its minimum, and then increases monotonously.     

Quantifying groundwater dependency of riparian surface hydrologic features using the exit gradient

Numerical groundwater flow models necessarily are limited to subsurface flow evaluation. It is of interest, however, to examine the possibility that, for unconfined aquifer systems, they could be used to proportionately measure the magnitude of seepage they estimate when these aquifers intersect the landscape surface. Our goal in this study was to determine the degree to which an unconfined groundwater model can estimate run‐off or seepage at the land surface during winter time wet season conditions, as well as in the dry season, when evapotranspiration is a major part of the water balance, using a lowland basin‐fill example study area in the Pacific Northwest. The exit gradient is a metric describing the potential for vertical seepage at the landscape surface. We investigated the spatial relationship of mapped surface features, such as wetlands, streams and ponds, to the model‐predicted mapped exit gradient. We found that areas mapped as wetlands had positive exit gradients. During the wet season, modelled exit gradients predicted seepage throughout extensive areas of the groundwater shed, extending far beyond mapped wetland areas (355% increase), associated with previously observed increases in nitrate‐nitrogen in streams in wet season. During the dry season, exit gradients spatially corresponded with wetland areas. The increase in in‐stream nitrogen corresponds with shorter residence times in carbon‐rich wetland zones because of the onset of saturation overland flow. We present results that suggest that the exit gradient could be a useful concept in examining the groundwater–surface water linkage that is often under represented physically in watershed flow models. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

An advanced hydro-mechanical constitutive model for unsaturated soils with different initial densities

This paper presents an advanced constitutive model for unsaturated soils, using Bishop’s effective stress (σ′) and the effective degree of saturation (S_e) as two fundamental constitutive variables in the proposed constitutive model. A sub-loading surface and a unified hardening parameter (H) are introduced into the σ′–S_e modelling framework to interpret the effects of initial density on coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted soils. Compared with existing models in the literature, the main advantage of the proposed model that it is capable of modelling hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils compacted to different initial densities, such as the dependence of loading–collapse volume on initial void ratio and density effect on the shearing-induced saturation change. The proposed model requires 13 material parameters, all of which can be calibrated through conventional laboratory tests. Numerical studies are conducted to assess the performance of the model for a hypothetical soil under two typical hydro-mechanical loading scenarios. The proposed advanced unsaturated soil model is then validated against a number of experimental results for both isotropic and triaxial conditions reported in the literature.     

沿海厚吹填土地层桩基缩径的控制研究

根据现场桩基成孔缩径情况和成孔检测资料,并依据工程勘察报告技术参数,分析了沿海厚吹填土地层钻孔灌注桩缩径原因,以及缩径时间与缩径量之间的对应关系,提出了解决厚层吹填土缩径的方法,一是通过添加膨润土或添加剂,增加泥浆的密度等技术指标,以改善泥浆的固壁性能;另外扩径是另一行之有效的手段,准确控制扩径量尤为重要。通过现场成孔试验及施工资料,比对分析缩径量与时间的对应关系,找出缩径规律,相对准确地得出需要扩径量,为实际工程施工提供参考依据。     

广东肇庆端砚石中石眼的矿物组成和成因研究

历代以来人们对广东肇庆端砚中的石眼十分关注,因为石眼是提高端砚的鉴赏品位和市场价值的重要因素之一。梅花坑砚石是端砚石中的一种,以梅花坑砚石的石眼作为样品,用显微激光拉曼光谱测试技术,研究和测定了石眼不同部位的矿物组成。实验结果表明,砚石和石眼中均有碳存在,只是砚石中石眼(含眼瞳、眼球、眼睑)附近的基体部位碳多以微晶石墨的物相形式存在,而在石眼的眼睑处的碳则以碳球形式存在;石眼的眼睑处颜色变黑,是由赤铁矿、石墨含量的增多以及黑色玻璃相的出现而引起的;相反,石眼眼球部位颜色变浅,是因为伊利石和石英是主成分、赤铁矿和石墨含量少以及没有绿泥石的存在而造成的。石眼的"瞳子"部位呈红褐色,是来源于金红石的颜色,不是行内长期以来认为的是由赤铁矿造成的。紫色端砚石品石眼的形成与火山作用密切相关,石眼是火山泥球在海湾或潮坪环境中沉积的粉砂质泥岩在后期浅变质作用条件下的变质残余。     

冲填软土地基深层加固的优化方案分析

冲填软土地基需要经过地基处理后才能投入工程使用,处理方案一般为浅层地基处理如真空预压处理,但对于大面积大荷载堆载场地,浅层地基处理不足以保证地基稳定性,需进一步做深层地基加固。本文针对广州某造船基地大面积堆载场地,对经真空预压处理后的该类深厚冲填软土地基提出了搅拌桩地基、微型桩地基以及搅拌桩微型桩交错布设地基加固方案,并基于Biot固结理论和有效应力原理,采用有限元分析软件PLAXIS进行数值模拟,对土体选取基于修正剑桥模型的软土模型和Mohr-Coulomb模型,对搅拌桩和微型桩依次选取线弹性模型和弹性模型,计算得到不同加固方案的基础沉降量。基于不同桩型加固机理对计算结果进行进一步分析得出,对此类深厚冲填软土地基,相同桩长的搅拌桩地基加固效果较微型桩效果更明显; 另通过对不同桩长搅拌桩地基加固效果的模拟计算,发现桩长为10m到15m的搅拌桩均能有效加固地基,但随着桩长的增加,加固效果未能显著提高。本研究为冲填软土地基深层加固的设计提供了一定的依据。     

青海西宁大通县韩家山泥岩质多级旋转型滑坡形成机制研究

青海大通县韩家山滑坡是西宁盆地最危险性的滑坡之一。为分析该滑坡的形成机制,论文基于高精度的地形数据开展变形形式、平面堆积特征的调查;结合连续取芯钻探数据,重建了滑体结构;为定量获得滑动带力学性质的变化过程,进行了滑体与原岩物质成分、水理性质、应力应变性质的物理化学测试,讨论了多级滑动剪切面的形成机制。分析表明:(1)滑体内不存在软弱地层,为近似均质地层。滑体为单一的新近系红色泥岩夹石膏层,不具层理,不含大于0.25 mm碎屑颗粒。泥岩内粘土矿物含量在29.7%~46.3%之间,碳酸钙含量在9.84%~11.58%之间。岩体内含形态不一、大小不一的石膏结核;(2)泥岩粘粒含量高,水敏性与粘滞性强。泥岩干燥饱和吸水率最低为26.31%,最高为42.12%。泥岩样品环剪试验呈应变软化型,随着含水率的增大,强度急剧降低。滑体快速滑动过程中,非饱和的滑带土受粘性物质、孔隙性的影响,产生强吸力;(3)滑体以旋转变形破坏为主,斜坡受河流侧向侵蚀影响,滑床附近的岩土体渐进性破坏,出现多级滑动现象。