马尼干戈盆地河流阶地特征及其构造成因

马尼干戈第四系盆地河流阶地具有"砾石分选、磨圆差,分层结构不明显"的物质组成、"沿玉曲河南岸单侧发育、具菱形状阶地"的分布和形态及"第Ⅲ级阶地因次第升降而裂解"的构造特征等。因此推断马尼干戈盆地可能是区域上三大构造单元—"南部义敦群域辗掩系统(义敦岛弧带)、中部结合群域原地系统(甘孜-理塘结合带北段)和北部西康群域辗掩系统(西康群)"晚近期不均衡抬升(块断升降)引起局部断陷成盆、并叠加左行走滑拉分而形成的。这一发现对松潘-甘孜造山带第四纪新构造期活动的研究具有重要意义。     

Uplift-denudation history of the Qinling orogen: Constrained from the detrital-zircon U–Pb geochronology

This paper presents a great number of detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the Middle Triassic to the Middle Jurassic sediments in the Jiyuan basin, southern North China. The results represent age spectra from 2.9 Ga to 216 Ma, with five peaks at 2.5 Ga, 1.9 Ga, 840 Ma, 440 Ma, and 270 Ma and two grains of ∼220 Ma. The ages of 2.5 Ga and 1.9 Ga are mainly derived from the Precambrian basement of the North China Block, whereas the others are typical characteristics of the Qinling orogenic belt. An important observation is that the Qinling-sourced detrital zircons become older as the strata get younger. Samples from the Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic strata are characterized by the age peak at 270 Ma, whereas the Late Late Triassic to Early Middle Jurassic samples are dominated by age peaks at 840 Ma and 440 Ma and minor grains within 800–650 Ma. Two grains of ∼220 Ma are preserved in the Late Middle Jurassic sample, which may be contributed by the Carnian deep plutons. These signatures indicate that the unroofing pattern of the Qinling orogenic belt developed by the denudation of materials from young covers to old basements and the Carnian deep plutons. Integrated with the data reported from the Hefei Basin, it is well-established that the intensity of unroofing increased from the Qinling to the Dabie orogen in the Early Jurassic, and the denudation timing of the ultra-high pressure (UHP) and high pressure (HP) rocks or Carnian plutons changed successively from the Early Jurassic in the Dabie to the Late Middle Jurassic in the Qinling orogen.     

Re-assessment of the northern Guinean “Koubia–Lessere unconformity” (KLU): Consequences on the geological correlations throughout West Africa

New radiometric data from recent cartographic projects (2007, 2010) lead to a re-interpretation of the “Koubia–Lessere Unconformity” (KLU). This unconformity is evidenced in the Bassaride Ranges (northern Guinea) and in two western inliers (Tominé and Kemberra). The KLU was previously correlated with the main unconformity (Jbeliat unconformity [JU]) separating the lower “super group 1” from the middle “super group 2” of the large Taoudeni basin. Consequently, the brecciated level (partly glaciogenic) that underlines the “KLU” was correlated with the “tillitic” level located at the base of the super group 2. The latter is linked to the worldwide “Marinhoan” glacial event (650–635 Ma). However, 32 recently published U/Pb age data on detrital or new formed zircons show clearly that the Bassarides groups (ante KLU), deformed and slightly metamorphosed by the Panafrican-II orogen, belong to the super group 2 of the Taoudeni basin. Consequently, the overlying “Koubia–Lessere unconformity” (KLU) cannot be linked to the “Jbeliats unconformity” (JU) that separates the super groups 1 and 2 in the Taoudeni basin. The KLU is younger than the Panafrican-II orogen and probably younger than the last volcanic basaltic flows (492 Ma) outcropping in the Bassaride belt. Consequently, the glaciogenic levels that outcrop in the KLU should be distinguished from the numerous “Marinhoan” glacial levels of West Africa. This new KLU interpretation implies some important changes in the stratigraphic correlations and interpretations all over the West African domain.     

南秦岭刘岭群砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

秦岭造山带的构造演化是理解华北与扬子陆块缝合过程的关键,位于商丹断裂带以南的刘岭群是揭示秦岭造山带晚古生代构造演化历史的重要窗口。采用LA-ICP-MS对刘岭群3个变质砂岩样品中的碎屑锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素测定,获得最年轻的一组年龄区间为377~395Ma,主要年龄峰值约为442Ma、780~850Ma和900~970Ma,表明刘岭群沉积时代可以持续到晚泥盆世,物质来源于北秦岭构造带。结合刘岭群北侧武关杂岩的最新研究成果可以确定,刘岭群和武关杂岩共同构成了华北陆块南缘中—晚泥盆世弧前盆地的沉积序列,暗示古秦岭洋的最终闭合发生在泥盆纪之后,而华北与扬子陆块碰撞的主缝合线应位于刘岭群的南侧。     

两条不同类型的HP/LT和UHP变质带对祁连-阿尔金早古生代造山作用的制约

在祁连-阿尔金造山带的南北两侧,分别出露有北祁连-北阿尔金HP/LT变质带和柴北缘-南阿尔金UHP变质带。北祁连-北阿尔金HP/LT变质带主要由蓝片岩、低温榴辉岩和高压变沉积岩所组成,榴辉岩形成的温压条件为420～570℃和2.0～2.5GPa,形成时代为510～440Ma。含硬柱石榴辉岩和含纤柱石高压变沉积岩的存在显示洋壳俯冲把大量水带到地幔深处。与HP/LT变质带伴生的早古生代蛇绿岩、俯冲增生杂岩、岛弧、弧后盆地等显示北祁连-北阿尔金为典型的早古生代增生造山带。柴北缘-南阿尔金UHP变质带由榴辉岩、石榴橄榄岩、高压麻粒岩及具有陆壳性质的正副片麻岩所组成,它们遭受了超高压变质作用(T700℃,P2.8GPa),UHP变质时代为500～420Ma,榴辉岩的原岩时代为750～850Ma,形成于新元古代的大陆裂谷环境。野外地质关系、岩石学及年代学研究显示柴北缘-南阿尔金HP-UHP变质带为大陆深俯冲作用的产物。在柴北缘-南阿尔金UHP变质带中,超高压榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩同时形成在不同的构造热环境中,构成大陆俯冲及碰撞造山带中的"双变质带",同时也显示柴北缘-南阿尔金造山带具有典型碰撞造山带的特征。祁连-阿尔金造山带南北两侧几乎同时发生增生造山作用和碰撞造山作用,构成由不同造山类型所组成的复合造山带。南北两侧的HP/LT变质带和UHP变质带以及可能存在的不同类型双变质带制约了祁连-阿尔金造山带早古生代的造山性质、造山类型以及造山机制。     

苏北锦屏地区构造变形及片麻岩舌状体成因研究

通过对锦屏山地区详细填图,确认了苏鲁造山带南缘超高压变质带与高压变质带的界线性质为一韧性剪切带,锦屏地区不存在区域性褶皱,而是由于朐山花岗质片麻岩和云台岩群变质火山岩构成强干岩层,锦屏岩群变质沉积岩构成软弱岩层,形成夹心饼式(layer cake assemble）组合。在印支期右行剪切作用下,形成不均一剪切,使朐山花岗质片麻岩形成长约10km,宽约5km的无根剪切舌状体,物质运动方向指向南。     

安徽大别山─张八岭地区新的构造格局与非板块碰撞造山过程

本文在前人工作基础上，根据近年来专题研究和区域填图所取得的一些调查成果，就区内地质构造分区与双向变形褶皱带、造山带内地质特征与非板块碰撞造山过程等提出了新的认识，为探索区内地质演化及其动力学过程提供了新的地质依据。     

江西大湖塘矿区九岭花岗闪长岩的成因及其构造意义

江南造山带东段发育了一系列新元古代花岗岩类侵入体,其中以江西九岭岩体最为显著。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明九岭岩体形成于819Ma。富云母暗色包体在九岭花岗闪长岩体内部广泛出现,典型的岩浆结构及针状磷灰石表明包体为岩浆成因。花岗闪长岩及暗色包体的Mg~#(42~50)均大于玄武质岩石熔融实验结果(大多数40)。暗色包体具有更高的MgO、CaO、Fe_2O_3~T、TiO2及更高的Ni、Co、Sc、V。全岩Sm-Nd同位素结果显示暗色包体的ε_(Nd)(t)为-3.4~-2.1,花岗闪长岩ε_(Nd)(t)为-4.0~-3.5。花岗闪长岩锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)为(-1.4~6.4),多数为正值。Nd-Hf同位素分析表明双桥山群很可能是花岗闪长岩的源区。暗色岩浆包体的普遍发育暗示九岭岩体形成于壳幔岩浆混合过程,除双桥山群外,地幔也贡献了一定的物质。暗色富云包体不是岩石熔融的残渣,而是幔源基性岩浆与富钾下地壳相互作用的产物。结合区域上变质岩、地层学、基性岩研究结果,我们认为扬子板块与华夏板块碰撞的时间很可能在825Ma左右,九岭岩体形成于造山带碰撞挤压向伸展转变的过渡阶段,是壳幔岩浆混合的产物。     

Trace element and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) arguments for a mid-crustal origin of Pan-African garnet-bearing S-type granites from the Damara orogen (Namibia)

Geochronological data, major and trace element abundances, Nd and Sr isotope ratios, δ¹⁸O whole rock values and Pb isotope ratios from leached feldspars are presented for garnet-bearing granites (locality at Oetmoed and outcrop 10 km north of Omaruru) from the Damara Belt (Namibia). For the granites from outcrop 10 km N′ Omaruru, reversely discordant U–Pb monazite data give ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U ages of 511±2 Ma and 517±2 Ma, similar to previously published estimates for the time of regional high grade metamorphism in the Central Zone. Based on textural and compositional variations, garnets from these granites are inferred to be refractory residues from partial melting in the deep crust. Because P–T estimates from these xenocrystic garnets are significantly higher (800°C/9–10 kbar) than regional estimates (700°C/5 kbar), the monazite ages are interpreted to date the peak of regional metamorphism in the source of the granites. Sm–Nd garnet–whole rock ages are between 500 and 490 Ma indicating the age of extraction of the granites from their deep crustal sources. For the granites from Oetmoed, both Sm–Nd and Pb–Pb ages obtained on igneous garnets range from 500 to 490 Ma. These ages are interpreted as emplacement ages and are significantly younger than the previously proposed age of 520 Ma for these granites based on Rb/Sr whole rock age determinations. Major and trace element compositions indicate that the granites are moderately to strongly peraluminous S-type granites. High initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (>0.716), high δ¹⁸O values of >13.8‰, negative initial _Nd values between −4 and −7 and evolved Pb isotope ratios indicate formation of the granites by anatexis of mid-crustal rocks similar to the exposed metapelites into which they intruded. The large range of Pb isotope ratios and the lack of correlation between Pb isotope ratios and Nd and Sr isotope ratios indicate heterogeneity of the involved crustal rocks. Evidence for the involvement of isotopically highly evolved lower crust is scarce and the influence of a depleted mantle component is unlikely. The crustal heating events that produced these granites might have been caused by crustal thickening and thrusting of crustal sheets enriched in heat-producing elements. Very limited fluxing of volatiles from underthrust low- to medium-grade metasedimentary rocks may have also been a factor in promoting partial melting. Furthermore, delamination of the lithospheric mantle and uprise of hot mantle could have caused localized high-T regions. The presence of coeval A-type granites at Oetmoed that have been derived at least in part from a mantle source supports this model.     

大陆碰撞成矿论

基于经典的板块构造而建立的成矿理论已日臻完善,完好地解释了增生造山成矿作用及汇聚边缘成矿系统发育机制,但却无法解释碰撞造山成矿作用及大陆碰撞带成矿系统。通过对青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用的详细研究,并与中国秦岭和其它碰撞造山带综合对比,本文系统提出了一套全新的大陆碰撞成矿理论,简称"大陆碰撞成矿论",初步阐明了大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的成矿动力背景、深部作用过程和形成机制。该理论认为,伴随大陆三段式碰撞过程而发育的主碰撞陆陆汇聚环境、晚碰撞构造转换环境和后碰撞地壳伸展环境,是大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的主要成矿构造背景。对应于三段式碰撞而在深部出现的俯冲板片断离、软流圈上涌和岩石圈拆沉过程,是导致大规模成矿作用的异常热能驱动力。伴随三段式碰撞而分别出现的压-张交替或压扭/张扭转换的应力场演变,是驱动成矿系统形成发育的构造应力机制。大陆碰撞产生的不同尺度的高热流、不同起源的富金属流体流、不同级次的走滑-剪切-拆离-推覆构造系统和张性裂隙系统,是形成成矿系统和大型矿床的主导因素。成矿金属在碰撞形成的壳/幔混源高fO2岩浆-热液系统、地壳深熔低fO2岩浆-热液系统、剪切变质-富CO2流体系统以及逆冲推覆构造驱动的区域卤水系统和浅位岩浆房诱发的对流循环流体系统中,伴随成矿金属的积聚与淀积是形成大型矿床的关键机制。"大陆碰撞成矿论"还强调,完整的大陆碰撞过程可以引发三次大规模成矿作用,形成一系列标示性的大型矿床:在主碰撞陆陆汇聚成矿期,大陆碰撞引发地壳加厚与深熔,产生富W-Sn壳源花岗岩,形成花岗岩型Sn-W矿床;大陆俯冲板片断离诱发软流圈上涌,产生富金属的壳/幔混源花岗闪长岩,形成岩浆-热液型或叠合型Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe矿床;大陆碰撞从变质地体排挤出富CO2流体,在剪切带形成造山型Au矿,从造山带排泄出建造流体,在前陆盆地形成MVT型Zn-Pb矿。在晚碰撞构造转换成矿期,大规模走滑断裂系统诱发壳幔过渡带和富集地幔减压熔融,其岩浆在浅部地壳岩浆房出溶成矿流体,分别形成斑岩型Cu(-Mo-Au)矿床和碳酸岩型REE矿床;深切岩石圈的剪切作用与下地壳变质产生含Au富CO2流体,形成造山型Au矿;逆冲推覆构造驱动地壳流体长距离迁移汇聚、走滑拉分导致流体大量排泄和充填,形成Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag矿。在后碰撞地壳伸展成矿期,新生下地壳部分熔融产生富金属、富水、高fO2埃达克质岩浆浅成侵位和流体出溶,产生斑岩型Cu矿;中上地壳部分熔融层(岩浆房)驱动地热流体系统,在地热区发育热泉型Cs-Au矿,在构造拆离带形成热液脉型Pb-Zn-Sb和Sb-Au矿。