Properties of geogrid-reinforced marine slope due to the groundwater level changes

Evaluation of slope stability, especially in the absence of a proper bed such as marine soils, is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Using geogrid layers to enhance the strength and stability of embankments is regarded as a commendable stabilization method. On the other hand, groundwater level erratically fluctuates in coastal areas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effects of groundwater level changes on stability of a geogrid-reinforced slope on loose marine soils in Qeshm Island, Iran. At first, geotechnical properties of the site were obtained by comprehensive series of geotechnical laboratory and in situ tests. Then, by simultaneous changes of groundwater level and several parameters such as embankment slope, loading, geogrid length, geogrid number, and tensile strength of geogrid, different characteristics such as embankment safety factor (SF), vertical and horizontal displacements at embankment top and embankment base were studied. It was observed that groundwater level had significant effects on behavior of the embankment. For most of the observations, by decreasing the groundwater level, the displacements decreased and consequently safety factor increased. Increasing the length, number, and tensile strength of geogrid led to the reduction of displacements and an increase in the safety factor.     

云南石林地区土壤侵蚀的石笋记录与现代观测

通过研究云南乃古石林地区的洞穴沉积物———石笋,结合土壤侵蚀观测结果,发现石笋中的每一个夹泥层代表一次地表快速剥蚀事件,进而讨论了土壤侵蚀事件在石林发育过程中的意义。结果表明:石林发育的自然过程之一是土体较长时期稳定、实现土下溶蚀,协同土壤阶段性的快速剥蚀过程,脉动式相对向上“生长”。石林地区全新世曾经历过数次快速剥蚀过程。     

GDS空心圆柱仪动力试验能力探讨

为更好地模拟多向应力和主应力轴旋转等复杂应力路径,与英国GDS公司合作研发了能施加轴向和扭矩动载的空心圆柱仪。文中介绍了该仪器的工作原理和性能,分析对比了其与传统单向动三轴仪试验结果,并探讨该空心圆柱仪所完成的5组典型动力荷载及一组不规则随机波动力试验能力。动力加荷时,通过调整设定刚度参数,实测波形与设定波形误差较小。该仪器能很好地模拟地震、波浪和交通荷载引起的应力,为研究复杂应力状态下土体动力本构关系提供了很好的工具。     

10个土壤有效态成分分析标准物质研制

首批6个土壤有效态成分分析标准物质(GBW07412～GBW07417),在土壤地力评价和生态农业环境地球化学评价中发挥了重要作用,经十年广泛应用,现已用尽。为满足我国覆盖区多目标地球化学调查与评价及农业土壤地力调查与评价有效态化学成分测试质量监控的需求,2009年中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所研制了新系列土壤有效态成分分析标准物质(GBW07412a～GBW07417a,GBW07458～GBW07461)。该系列10个标准物质在原有6个样品采集地重新采集的基础上,新增的4个样品侧重于西部地区和石灰性土壤,使得新研制的有效态成分分析标准物质地域和土壤类型代表性更为广泛。有效态成分的浸提方法和浸提条件由农业部、国土资源部和中国科学院相关部门13家单位共同研讨,消除农林行业间个别项目分析方法的细微差异,与首批6个标准物质相比浸提方法、浸提条件与测试方法统一,定值成分全面,包括植物营养元素和重金属污染元素,定值项目达50项。     

Vertical dynamic impedance of pile considering the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil

A new analytical model is presented to analyze the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil on the vertical dynamic impedance of the pile. The surrounding soil of the pile is modeled by using the plane strain model and the pile is simulated by using one-dimensional elastic theory. Finite soil layers below the pile end are modeled as conical fictitious soil pile with stress diffusion angle which reflects the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil. By means of the Laplace transform and impedance function transfer method, the analytical solution of the vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head in frequency domain is yielded. Then, a comparison with other models is performed to verify the conical fictitious soil pile model. Finally, based on the proposed solution, the selected numerical results are compared to analyze the influence of dynamic stress diffusion effect for different design parameters of the soil-pile system on the vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head.     

Radiative acceleration in Schwarzschild space–times

We examine the radial motion of a material particle in the intense radiation field of a static spherically symmetric compact object with spherical emitting surface outside the Schwarzschild radius. This paper generalizes previous work which dealt with radial motion in the Thomson limit, where the radiation force is simply proportional to the radiative flux. In the general case the average time component of the 4-momentum transferred to the particle is not negligible compared with its rest mass. Consequently, we find that the frequency dependence of the radiation force owing to Compton scattering for highly energetic photons gives rise to an increase in the effective mass of the test particle. In this work we outline the effects of this frequency dependence and compare these with the results in the Thomson limit. We present the frequency dependent saturation velocity curves for a range of stellar luminosities and radiation frequencies and present the resulting phase-space diagrams corresponding to the radial test particle trajectories. In particular, the stable equilibrium points which exist in the Thomson limit are found to be absent in the general case.     

Evidence for the Retrograde Accretion onto Supermassive Black Holestwo

Recently, Sloan Digital Sky Survey successfully carried out the reverberation mapping of a sky area, aiming to test the R ? L relation that has been already widely used. Here, R is the responsivity-weighted radius of the broad line region, and L is the optical luminosity at 5100 Å. Two results have been obtained from the data in the first year: (1) The time lags of AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei) with a high accretion rate are much shorter than that estimated from the R ? L relation, which confirmed the results of reverberation mapping observations made by the Lijiang 2.4 meter telescope. (2) Some AGNs with a lower accretion rate also have very short time lags. The shortening of the time lags of the AGNs with a low accretion rate is caused by the retrograde accretion of black holes. This result has verified from observations the theoretical prediction made by Wang et al. (2014). The discovery of the black holes with a retrograde accretion has important significance, it indicates that the cosmological evolution of the black holes in quasars is implemented via the inherently random accretion.     

海底硫化物黑烟囱典型结构构造及其成因意义

在已发现的现代海底黑烟囱中基本都发育分带性构造、通道构造、胶状构造、多孔和填充构造、交代构造、枝状构造等,这些构造为硫化物烟囱的典型构造,它们记录了硫化物烟囱的形成过程和每个阶段的特征,是鉴别硫化物烟囱构造的重要特征。不同类型烟囱的形成除了与其围岩相关外,也与烟囱演化的成熟度相关。弥散式喷射作用(diffuser)是与烟囱构造相似的常在丘体中发育的另一重要构造,与烟囱构造不同的是弥散式喷射缺乏象烟囱那样的轴向中央通道,热液与海水的混合有严格的范围。烟囱与弥散式喷射作用是丘体上部形成的主要机制。在现代陆上保存的地史时期的块状硫化物矿床中,陆续找到了遗留下来的烟囱构造或烟囱残片(如乌拉尔、皮尔巴拉、爱尔兰、高板河等),为块状硫化物矿床的黑烟囱形成机制提供了直接的证据。     

Iron line profiles and self-shadowing from relativistic thick accretion discs

We present Fe Kα line profiles from and images of relativistic discs with finite thickness around a rotating black hole using a novel code. The line is thought to be produced by iron fluorescence of a relatively cold X-ray-illuminated material in the innermost parts of the accretion disc and provides an excellent diagnostic of accretion flows in the vicinity of black holes. Previous studies have concentrated on the case of a thin, Keplerian accretion disc. This disc must become thicker and sub-Keplerian with increasing accretion rates. These can affect the line profiles and in turn can influence the estimation of the accretion disc and black hole parameters from the observed line profiles. We here embark on, for the first time, a fully relativistic computation which offers key insights into the effects of geometrical thickness and the sub-Keplerian orbital velocity on the line profiles. We include all relativistic effects such as frame-dragging, Doppler boost, time dilation, gravitational redshift and light bending. We find that the separation and the relative height between the blue and red peaks of the line profile diminish as the thickness of the disc increases. This code is also well suited to produce accretion disc images. We calculate the redshift and flux images of the accretion disc and find that the observed image of the disc strongly depends on the inclination angle. The self-shadowing effect appears remarkable for a high inclination angle, and leads to the black hole shadow being in this case, completely hidden by the disc itself.