冷空气对两例高原低涡移出高原影响的分析

利用NCEP再分析资料对2002年8月12~20日托勒涡及2003年7月12~14日诺木洪涡两例高原低涡在冷空气影响下移出高原的斜压性和温度平流进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)受切变线影响的托勒低涡移出高原时主要受东北方冷空气不断伸入涡区的影响,西风槽前的诺木洪低涡主要受西北方冷空气伸入涡区的影响。(2)高原低涡是在600 hPa以上涡柱内斜压性较强、500 hPa涡区内斜压性加强情况下移出高原的。不同的是:托勒低涡移出高原,涡柱内对流层中上层斜压性、500 hPa涡区内斜压性都比诺木洪低涡弱;托勒低涡涡柱内北冷南暖现象比诺木洪低涡强。(3)高原低涡是在低涡区内大部分受冷平流控制,涡区西部冷平流比东部强时移出高原的;低涡西部的冷平流加强将会使低涡发展加强,在高原以东持续。不同的是:受切变线影响的托勒低涡移出高原时低涡西部冷平流区强度比受西风槽前诺木洪低涡弱;而托勒低涡区冷平流区比诺木洪低涡移出高原时大。     

Attainment of ecosystem based governance in European waters—A State property rights regime approach for Ireland

On Ireland's continental shelf, as well as within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), there are significant biodiversity hotspots including those associated with Cold Water Corals (CWC). Some of these ecosystems enjoy little or no actual protection and are subject to the effects of open access. Sectorally driven initiatives, a recalcitrant attitude to environmental law and inadequate governance, have added to the conditions that have facilitated years of damage by fishers and other actors from many States. A review of the current governance regime, influenced primarily by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), is presented. Failings of this regime are highlighted by the destruction of some biodiversity hotspots associated with vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), an externality primarily arising from the effects of deepwater fishing. While exploring some of the principles relating to the institution of property rights, this paper makes a link between property rights, the public trust doctrine and sovereign rights. The paper suggests that such biodiversity systems are the property of citizens of the individual States in whose area of jurisdiction they occur. The paper argues for an Irish State property rights regime as part of an ecosystem approach within a nested institutional architecture. This has important implications for the governance of biodiversity such as that associated with CWC and for the development of an Irish National Oceans Policy.     

Dense water formation and circulation in the Barents Sea

Dense water masses from Arctic shelf seas are an important part of the Arctic thermohaline system. We present previously unpublished observations from shallow banks in the Barents Sea, which reveal large interannual variability in dense water temperature and salinity. To examine the formation and circulation of dense water, and the processes governing interannual variability, a regional coupled ice-ocean model is applied to the Barents Sea for the period 1948-2007. Volume and characteristics of dense water are investigated with respect to the initial autumn surface salinity, atmospheric cooling, and sea-ice growth (salt flux). In the southern Barents Sea (Spitsbergen Bank and Central Bank) dense water formation is associated with advection of Atlantic Water into the Barents Sea and corresponding variations in initial salinities and heat loss at the air-sea interface. The characteristics of the dense water on the Spitsbergen Bank and Central Bank are thus determined by the regional climate of the Barents Sea. Preconditioning is also important to dense water variability on the northern banks, and can be related to local ice melt (Great Bank) and properties of the Novaya Zemlya Coastal Current (Novaya Zemlya Bank). The dense water mainly exits the Barents Sea between Frans Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, where it constitutes 63% (1.2 Sv) of the net outflow and has an average density of 1028.07 kg m⁻³. An amount of 0.4 Sv enters the Arctic Ocean between Svalbard and Frans Josef Land. Covering 9% of the ocean area, the banks contribute with approximately 1/3 of the exported dense water. Formation on the banks is more important when the Barents Sea is in a cold state (less Atlantic Water inflow, more sea-ice). During warm periods with high throughflow more dense water is produced broadly over the shelf by general cooling of the northward flowing Atlantic Water. However, our results indicate that during extremely warm periods (1950s and late 2000s) the total export of dense water to the Arctic Ocean becomes strongly reduced.     

2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨的多尺度特征

本文采用观测和NCEP分析场资料对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的特大暴雨过程的天气形势、水汽来源和中尺度对流系统的特征进行了研究。结果如下:“7.21”北京暴雨过程是高低空与中低纬系统共同配合的结果,暴雨发生在“东高西低”的环流形势下,低涡、切变线、低槽冷锋和低空急流为此次过程的主要影响天气系统;孟加拉湾至西太平洋地区热带辐合带(ITCZ)活跃,其中热带气旋的活动有利于水汽向东亚大陆输送,此次暴雨过程中华北地区的水汽源地包括孟加拉湾和我国东部的渤海、黄海等,低层的水汽主要来自东部,中层的水汽主要来自孟加拉湾;北京的强降雨有两段,第1段降雨虽然发生在冷锋前,但有明显冷空气的侵入,并与地形和东风的作用有关,第2段降雨对流的组织和增强与冷锋强迫相关。在有利环境下,中尺度对流系统频繁发生发展,持续时间长,且稳定少动是此次特大暴雨形成的重要原因。     

成都双流机场的奇点雾及其预报

在考查了成都双流机场实际天气现象以及雾的多极变化的基础上，提出了奇点雾的概念，并从理论上分析了其发生的物理机制，认为弱冷平流是其发生的主要原因，并提出了预报方法。     

PAMPRE: A dusty plasma experiment for Titan's tholins production and study

Organic aerosols play a significant role in the properties and evolution of Titan's atmosphere. But our knowledge of them and their physico-chemical mechanisms of formation and evolution are currently limited to a few data obtained by Titan observations from the Earth or from space probes. For this reason, laboratory experiments are developed to simulate the atmospheric chemistry and produce analogues of these aerosols in order to understand better their properties and how they are formed. The plasma discharges are the most efficient devices for the production of such analogues. However, the existing plasmas simulations introduce experimental biases compared with the conditions of aerosols production in Titan's atmosphere: chemistry is induced by electrons instead of photons; the solid analogues are produced and deposited on solid surfaces; direct analysis of the particles inside the reactive chamber is not easy. In order to avoid some of these experimental problems, we have developed another method of production of Titan's aerosols analogues. It is based on a capacitively coupled radio-frequency (RF) cold plasma system at low pressure in a N₂-CH₄ gaseous mixture. In this plasma, solid particles produced from the gas phase are in levitation, thus preventing any wall effect on their production, and allowing the study of the formation and growth of the particles directly in the plasma. Moreover, the electron energy distribution of this plasma can be compared with the solar spectrum. This article describes the RF plasma experiment and presents the first results obtained with an initial N₂-CH₄ (90:10) gaseous mixture which produced our first studied analogues of Titan's aerosols.     

一次重庆特大暴雨过程的中尺度分析

利用NCEP格点再分析资料、地面实况资料、TBB资料以及雷达资料对2011年7月6 7日重庆大暴雨过程进行了分析研究。结果表明,此次暴雨过程中切变线附近发展起来的中尺度对流系统是暴雨产生的直接原因,且从动力、热力、水汽条件以及能量等方面分析表明重庆东北部已具备暴雨发生的有利条件。通过雷达产品的分析可知,两个阶段降水的中尺度特征不同:第一阶段降水,径向速度场上出现逆风区,对应逆风区的回波较强,雨强较大,且垂直风廓线VWP显示高空有偏西偏南的强风速带下传,从而形成较深厚的西南气流风场;第二阶段降水,径向速度场上出现强度不对称的"牛眼"结构,存在风速辐合,同时VWP显示中低层有深厚的冷空气楔入,使暖湿空气抬升,降水在经过短暂的减弱后再次加强。     

冬季北大西洋风暴轴异常对我国寒潮活动的可能影响

基于1961~2011年国家气象信息中心整编的566站逐日平均温度资料以及NCEP/NCAR(美国环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心)的逐日再分析资料等,利用奇异值分解(SVD)等方法,首先分析了年际尺度上冬季北大西洋风暴轴与同期我国寒潮频次的联系。发现,北大西洋风暴轴位置异常与我国寒潮频次变化存在显著的相关关系,即当在40°W以西风暴轴较气候平均位置偏北(偏南)和在40°W以东风暴轴较气候平均位置偏东北(偏西南)时,同期我国大部分地区的寒潮频次异常偏少(偏多),而其强度异常与我国寒潮频次变化的年际关系并不显著。进一步的分析结果表明,风暴轴位置的改变会引起天气尺度瞬变涡动的传播出现异常,而这种传播异常既可以直接影响我国寒潮活动,也可以通过其反馈作用影响大气环流来间接影响我国的寒潮活动。具体的可能影响过程如下:当风暴轴偏东北(偏西南)时,其离亚洲西风急流的位置较远(较近),不利(有利)于将北大西洋上强的瞬变涡动通过亚洲西风急流波导直接传播到我国地区;此时,北大西洋西风急流偏北(偏南),相应地北大西洋涛动(NAO)出现正(负)位相异常,而传播到下游的瞬变涡动通过动力反馈作用,可使得高纬西风加速(减速),极涡加深收缩(减弱扩张),冷空气禁锢在极地不易(容易)南下,而中纬西风则减速(加速),经向环流加强(减弱),从而引起西伯利亚低层冷堆温度增高(降低);最后,所有上述环流异常形势以及瞬变波的异常传播可最终导致我国的寒潮活动频次减少(增多)。     

近50a东北冷涡暴雨水汽源地分布及其水汽贡献率分析

用HYSPLIT v4.9轨迹追踪模式,以分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的再分析资料驱动模式,对东北地区308例冷涡暴雨过程中的目标气块,进行后向轨迹追踪模拟。结果显示东北冷涡暴雨主要有4个水汽源地,(Ⅰ)西太平洋及相邻海域(包括鄂霍次克海、日本海、黄海、渤海和东海)水汽贡献率最大,平均水汽贡献率达39.8%;依次是(Ⅱ)孟加拉湾—南海海域为32.1%;(Ⅲ)欧亚大陆,尤其是贝加尔湖附近为20.9%;(Ⅳ)东北地区的水汽贡献率最小,仅为7.2%。欧亚大陆主要输送700 hPa高度附近的干冷气团,而各海域则输送800 hPa高度以下的暖湿气团。