2004/2005年冬季强寒潮事件的等熵位涡分析

利用2004年12月1日—2005年2月28日的NCAR/NCEP逐日再分析资料,对2004年12月22日—2005年1月1日的强寒潮事件进行等熵位涡分析。结果表明:这次强寒潮事件的强冷空气来自欧亚北部和北极地区的高纬平流层下部与对流层上部。在寒潮爆发前期,高位涡强冷空气传播到贝加尔湖南侧,并被来自低纬度的低位涡空气所切断,在欧亚地区形成北部低位涡(阻塞高压)南部高位涡(低涡)的偶极型环流。随着低位涡的减弱消亡,高位涡强冷空气沿高原北侧向东南方向移动,当高位涡中心移到中国东部地区,高位涡空气柱在垂直方向上强烈向下伸展,使得气柱的气旋性涡度加强,东亚大槽迅速加深,引起寒潮的爆发。进一步分析表明,高位涡中心向南、向下传播过程中,等熵面上高位涡中心附近气流在其西侧和北侧地区沿等熵面下沉,引起上述地区低层西伯利亚高压迅速发展,导致强寒潮爆发。     

夏季500 hPa副热带高压区域一次暴雨过程环流条件的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和地面观测资料对2003年7月26～27日500 hPa副热带高压区域一次暴雨过程的形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:中低层来自东北方向的冷空气入侵是此次暴雨发生的重要原因，其作用体现在三个方面:一是致使对流层中低层降温，边界层增温，使得降水区积累了大量的不稳定能量；二是造成边界层风的辐合，进而激发了整层的上升运动；三是这股冷空气为暴雨发生提供了重要水汽源。暴雨发生前南亚高压主体突然东进，高空急流轴不断东伸加强，其出口端不断向南伸展，使得对流层中层副高主体西移，同时造成日本附近的冷涡南压，为冷空气从中低层侵入暴雨发生区提供了有利的环流条件。     

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.     

一次强寒潮天气过程综合分析

2006年4月10日～12日运城市出现了一次强寒潮天气过程,并伴有大风和中～大雪,本文从天气学原理及物理量诊断等方面进行了分析探讨。结果表明,这次全区性的强寒潮是在高空倒Ω形势下,冷空气在西伯利亚堆积,当乌拉尔山阻高崩溃,横槽转竖,引导冷空气南下,南下的冷空气又在高空急流后部的上升气流作用下绝热上升膨胀,强度加强;同时与本地前期气温明显偏高密切相关。另外,充足的水汽输送及低层辐合～高层辐散的结构是与本次寒潮相伴强降水所必需的上升运动。     

层状冷云人工增雨可播性实时识别技术研究

该文综合分析了4次层状冷云人工增雨过程的雷达回波、粒子测量系统(PMS)探测资料，以及GPS定位资料，提出应以PMS的FSSP-100探头探测的云中粒子浓度以及2D-C探头探测的云中大粒子浓度作为判别云中可播性的主要技术参量，并发展了层状冷云飞机人工增雨实时监测指挥技术。FSSP-100探测的粒子浓度不小于20/cm3的云区才具有一定的可播性。其中2D-C探测的大粒子浓度小于20/L时，可确定为强可播区，否则为可播区。     

河套地区春季扬沙天气影响因子的初步研究

通过对河套地区扬沙日数、冷空气活动及固定地段土壤湿度的研究 ,探讨了冷空气活动和土壤湿度对河套地区春季扬沙天气频次的影响。结果表明 ,春季大范围的冷空气活动提供了重要的扰动能量 ;同时 ,强冷空气活动较大的风速 ,为扬沙天气的出现提供了动力条件 ;土壤湿度偏小、土壤干燥疏松也是河套地区扬沙频繁发生的重要原因     

Influence of benthic sediment transport on cold‐water coral bank morphology and growth: the example of the Darwin Mounds,north‐east Atlantic

The Darwin Mounds are small (up to 70 m in diameter), discrete cold‐water coral banks found at c. 950 m water depth in the northern Rockall Trough, north‐east Atlantic. Formerly described in terms of their genesis, the Darwin Mounds are re‐evaluated here in terms of mound growth processes based on 100 and 410 kHz side‐scan sonar data. The side‐scan sonar coverage is divided into a series of acoustic facies representing increasing current speed and sediment transport/erosion from south to north: pockmark facies, ‘mounds within depressions’ facies, Darwin Mound facies, stippled seabed facies and sand wave facies. Mound morphometric changes are quantified and show a south‐to‐north divergence from an inherited morphology, reflecting the outline of coral‐colonized fluid escape structures, to developed, downstream elongated, elevated mound forms. It is postulated that increasing current speeds and bedload sand transport favour mound growth and development by a process of enhanced sand sedimentation within mounds due to current deceleration by frictional drag around coral colonies. Comparisons are made with similar growth processes attributed to comparably sized cold‐water coral mounds in the Porcupine Seabight, offshore Ireland.     

Sedimentary characteristics of palaeolake deposits along the Indus River valley,Ladakh, Trans‐Himalaya: Implications for the depositional environment

This study is an attempt to contribute to the data set of granulometric studies of sediments by measuring the sedimentary structure and texture, along with statistical parameters, of cold and arid lake systems. The palaeolake sequence along the River Indus on the western fringe of the Tibetan Plateau in Ladakh sector was selected in order to shed light on depositional environmental changes within the lake from post‐last glacial maximum to 5 ka. The River Indus was blocked by Lamayuru dam burst during the deglaciation, after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the subsequent increase in water level led to the formation of the Saspol–Khalsi palaeolake. This lake was ca 55 km in length, extending from Nimo to Khalsi, had a surface area of 370 km² and was in existence until 5 ka. Two sections (Saspol and Khalsi) separated by an aerial distance of 35 km show a similar trend in sediment character due to their deposition in the same lake system. Grain‐size studies show a polymodal nature of sediments for both of the sections. However, sediments of the lower/downstream section (Khalsi) show a poorer degree of sorting, and coarser grain size and high energy depositional condition as compared with the sediments of Saspol section (positioned upstream) due to the location of the sections within the lake system. It was noted that, in high‐altitude arid regions, the sedimentological characteristics of large‐sized valley lakes may vary greatly, horizontally as well as vertically, owing to local stream input, inflow intensity from the catchment, outflow velocity of water channels, lithology and valley widths at the different sites.     

冷泉形成的数值模拟研究

海底冷泉形成的一种可能机制是海平面下降引起天然气水合物的分解.本文基于对冷泉渗漏特征的分析,建立了二维轴对称模型,利用有限元方法定量分析了南海区域海平面下降对冷泉形成的影响.结果表明,末次冰盛期(26.5~19.0ka BP)海平面下降引起的冷泉活动可以持续到现在,但是从水合物停止分解至今,超孔隙压力的极值在持续减小,而流体向海底的渗漏达西速度先快速减小、然后缓慢减小.同时发现,流体向海底的渗漏达西速度与管状通道的渗透率、通道周围介质的渗透率以及通道的半径等有关,估计目前的冷泉活动还可以持续10000年以上.海平面下降引起的天然气水合物分解,可能是影响全球气候变化的一个重要因素.     

Middle Cretaceous pCO2 Variation in Yumen,Gansu Province and its Response to the Climate Events

The palaeo-atmospheric CO_2 concentration(pCO_2) variation in the Yumen, Gansu Province during the middle Cretaceous has been reconstructed using the newly established plant photosynthetic gas exchange mechanistic model, and the results show that the p CO_2 values are in the range of about 550–808 ppmv. The present pCO_2 values are higher than the p CO2 results(531–641 ppmv) of the previous study according to the Recent standardization of the stomatal ratio method, and much lower than the pCO_2 results(882–1060 ppmv) according to the Carboniferous standardization of the stomatal ratio method. The present pCO_2 variation is not only within the error range of GEOCARBⅡ and GEOCARB Ⅲ but also is similar to the reconstructed results based on the biochemistry and carbon isotope models. Besides, the present Brachyphyllum specimens were collected from four consecutive horizons of the upper Zhonggou Formation of the Hanxia Section, and the reconstructed pCO_2 exhibits the reconstructed pCO_2 exhibits a decline trend during the late Aptian to early Albian. This decline variation is probably associated with the Oceanic Anoxic Events(OAE1 b) and the Cold snap event. With the combination of p CO_2 during the Albian to Cenomanian recovered by the plant photosynthetic gas exchange mechanistic model, the pCO_2 showed a prominent increase during the late Aptian to early Cenominian, which indicates a response to the greenhouse warming during the middle Cretaceous. Therefore, the mechanical model of the plant photosynthetic gas exchange shows a relatively strong accuracy in the reconstruction of the pCO_2 and can reflect a strong relation between the atmospheric CO_2 concentrations and climatic events.