Hazard Assessment of Cold and Hot Damage for Double-Season Early Rice (DSER) in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin

Cold and hot damages which are both common disasters occurring in DSER growth time in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin harm early rice. The two disasters occurrence should be deeply studied to protect the DSER yield. This study was based on meteorological data of 48 agricultural meteorological stations during 1961-2010 period and agricultural meteorological data during 1981-2010 for DSER in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. In this study, the growth time was divided into several phases according to the growth stage, including tillering stage, booting stage, flowering stage and filling stage. The disasters taking place at some stages was identified by building new judging standard and their intensity value was calculated by harm accumulated temperature calculation model. Fisher optimal division method was used to classify the disasters and H-P filter was used to consider the reduction of the yield. It was conducted to analize the disasters’ characteristics in growing season, the intensity of hazard and the weight of hazard at each stage by judging and quantifying cold and hot damage and developing hazard assessment model of disasters. All findings were displayed in maps by GIS technology. The results showed that: ①New disaster judging standard was more suitable for DSER and the hazard assessment model could reveal the disaster situation in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. ②Cold damage was severe at tillering stage while hot damage was severe at filling stage. In the view of the distribution of the decadal disaster intensity, cold damage became to be weak and hot damage became to be strong. Compared with the plains, mountainous region and hilly ground were attacked by cold damage frequently and hot damage rarely from the perspective of spatial distribution of disasters. Distinctly, plains near large areas of water were often harmed by cold damage at booting and flowering stage. ③The area of high hazard value and high disasters value at each stage were overlapped by each other roughly. Studying the hazard of the whole growth season showed that the highest hazard value was in Zhejiang province, and the next in Hubei Province. So Hu’nan and Jiangxi Provinces were quite suitable to grow DSER. ④In contrast with the hazard weight at each stage, the vulnerable phases of the whole growth time were in sequence of filling stage> tillering stage> flowering stage > booting stage. What’s more, aiming at defensing and fending off risk, some special stages in special province should be paid close attention including booting and filling stages in Hubei Province, tillering and flowering and filling stages in Hu’nan Province, tillering and filling stages in Jiangxi Province, flowering and filling stages in Zhejiang Province. The conclusion can be taken as theoretical basis for the government management of agricultural production, disaster prevention and mitigation.     

2014年春末黄海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的呼吸率与油脂积累

春末是黄海冷水团中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)度夏种群形成的关键时期。在此期间,中华哲水蚤C5期桡足类幼体(简称C5期)的油脂积累程度关系到种群能否顺利度夏。本文从呼吸率、油囊体积以及种群组成等角度,对春末黄海冷水团内外以及冷水团区表、底层的中华哲水蚤进行比较研究。结果表明,2014年5月底黄海冷水团初步形成,此时冷水团区中华哲水蚤C4和C5期幼体丰度占总体的62%—93%,种群处于度夏前的准备阶段。冷水团区C5期的平均呼吸率是近岸C5期的68%,同时冷水团底层C5期的油囊体积百分数是近岸种群的2.4倍。由此推测,冷水团区次表层较厚的温跃层(19—25m,0.3—0.5°C/m)以及冷水团的低温环境有利于C5期幼体降低呼吸消耗,进而增加油脂的积累。此外,冷水团区表、底层C5期的呼吸率相近,但底层C5期油囊体积百分数为表层的1.9—4.2倍,积累大量油脂的C5期偏向在冷水团底部活动。     

一次冷空气强风的成因分析

文章分析了2004年12月底的一次冷空气强风过程,揭示了冷空气南下与东海低压的发展造成的气压梯度、高低空较强的冷平流以及中低空辐合辐散差异引起的动力强迫下沉作用所造成的动量下传是造成本次猛烈强风的主要原因.最大强风发生区域和发生时间既与低层和中层700hPa分别转为辐散和辐合中心对应,又与中低层700hPa以下正好处于下沉速度中心附近对应.     

北黄海冷水团环流结构探讨──潮混合锋对环流结构的影响

简述北黄海冷水团环流结构研究现状，指出已有研究成果中的主要问题，然后用一个诊断模型给出了冷水团环流结构，得到冷水团环向主要存在于海洋上层接近冷水团边界处，径向运动也主要存在于断面两端，上层为离岸流，下层为向岸流；冷水团中心的上升流极为微弱，且仅存在于海洋上层，温跃层下的冷水团中心区域的流动极为微弱，几乎为“死水”一般，上述环流结构对冷水团中心部分的温、盐度长期保持不变及跃层底部溶解氧最大值的形成和     

夏季北黄海冷水团多年变化特征分析

本文根据横贯北黄海冷水团的大连—成山角断面的４２年观测资料，采用“相似系数”方法分析了北黄海冷水团的分布范围、低温中心位置、厚度、相对体积、温、盐特征等的多年变化特征。根据诸特征的标准离差，将这４２年北黄海冷水团划分为强、弱和平年三种情况     

Cold-seep assemblages on a giant pockmark off West Africa: spatial patterns and environmental control

A giant pockmark colonised by dense cold‐seep assemblages near 3160 m depth along the Congo‐Angola margin has been surveyed by the ROV Victor 6000. The quantitative distribution of chemosynthetic communities was mapped along the dive tracks from a video study using GIS and image mosaicking. Several types of faunal assemblages, either dominated by bivalves of the families Mytilidae (Bathymodiolus sp.) or Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena sp., ‘Vesicomya’ aff. chuni), or by Siboglinidae polychaetes (Escarpia southwardae) were mapped over the 800‐m diameter pockmark area and sampled for fauna, water and sediment. The isotopic analyses (δ¹³C) of tissues from symbiont‐bearing species were within the range typical of nutrition via symbiosis using methane for mussels and sulphide for vesicomyids and siboglinids. The living chemosynthetic communities were distributed on a SW‐NE axis, corresponding to the expression at the sediment surface of a main buried channel providing fluids to the pockmark. The site was characterised by a more active central part in a depression with abundant carbonate concretions where high‐density clusters of siboglinids and mytilids dominate. Large fields of dead and live vesicomyids with a lower mean density were observed in the external areas. The mean coverage of each of the three symbiotic taxa in these two contrasted areas was estimated from mosaic analysis and was up to 30% in the central area dominated by E. southwardae bushes (23%). Symbiont‐bearing species distribution was consistent with methane concentrations in seawater that were generally higher in mytilid beds than in the vicinity of siboglinids and vesicomyids. A Principal Component Analysis performed on environmental factors at the ten sampling sites revealed that 37% of the observed variance in the distribution of symbiont‐bearing species may be explained by variation in both methane and oxygen concentrations, while a Canonical Redundancy Analysis selected methane concentration as the only variable which explains symbiont‐bearing species densities. This spatial distribution of chemosynthetic species at the pockmark scale may reflect temporal patterns of succession of both substrate and fauna, and may be related to different individual pockmarks visible on the microbathymetry mapped using ROV data.     

舟山市一次冬季暴雨、大风天气过程分析

应用卫星云图、常规观测资料及T213数值分析产品,分析了2004年12月3~5日发生在浙江东部地区的暴雨和舟山市沿海的大风过程。分析结果表明:这次天气过程是由台风倒槽和冷空气及深厚的高空槽共同作用引起的;台风环流引起的东南低空急流为暴雨区输送了大量的水汽和不稳定能量;冷空气的侵入加上深厚的高空槽引起的低空辐合、中高层辐散,促使了东海低压的剧烈发展,产生了猛烈的大风。     

The physical structure of a cold filament in a Chilean upwelling zone (Península de Mejillones, Chile, 23°S)

Cold filaments associated with Eastern Boundary Currents are typically narrower than 100 km but can be several hundred kilometers long, extending from the coast to the open ocean in upwelling areas. One such structure, observed off Península de Mejillones (23°S, Chile), was studied with both satellite images and two 5-days hydrographic cruises carried out during January 1997. The study used a coastal grid of 31 stations in an area of 165 ×155 km², approximately. The spatial distribution of the filament and its change between cruises are described from the horizontal distributions of dynamic height, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The filament was a shallow feature (thickness <100 m) and extended at least 165 km toward the open ocean. A meandering northward current flowed at the borders of the filament, separating oceanic and coastal waters of different physical properties. Comparisons of cross sections of the filament near the coast and in the oceanic zone show the ascent of the shallow salinity minimum (SSM), and its extension toward the ocean, bound to the filament. It is concluded that Subantarctic Water ((SAAW) distinguish by low salinity, high dissolved oxygen) and Equatorial Subsurface Water ((ESSW) high salinity, low dissolved oxygen, high nutrient content) form this filament, and that their relative proportions depend on the strength of the coastal upwelling. Thus, the knowledge of the dynamics of these structures is fundamental to better understanding of the spatial distribution of important biological variables, such as nutrients and chlorophyll, in the coastal ecosystem.     

黄海冷水团的化学水文学特征

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) are discussed through the crossYSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(SYSCWM). The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature(10°C) and dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, high salinity(32.0) and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO.Also its smaller variation ranges of variables(except for temperature) demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM.Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.     

Interannual salinity variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

This paper discusses the interannual variability of the Northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the factors that influence it,based on survey data from the 1976–2006 national standard section and the Korea Oceanographic Data Center,monthly E-P flux data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,and meridional wind speed data from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. The results show that:1) the mean salinity of the NYSCWM center has a slightly decreasing trend,which is not consistent with the high salinity center; 2) both the southern salinity front and the halocline of the NYSCWM display a weakening trend,which indicates that the difference between the NYSCWM and coastal water decreases; 3) the Yellow Sea Warm Current intrusion,the E-P flux of the northern Yellow Sea,and the strength of the winter monsoon will affect the NYSCWM salinity during the following summer.