组建陕西煤田地质勘查集团公司的实践与思考

地勘单位以建立现代企业制度为总体目标,实施企业化、规模化、集团化运作模式的体制改革,是地勘单位顺利实现事企转型与可持续发展的必由之路。结合陕西省地勘单位改革工作实际,探讨了陕西省煤田地质局事企改革的基础与必要性。在充分调研的基础上,组建了"以清晰的产权关系为基础,以完善的企业法人制度为核心,以现代企业制度为主要特征"的企业集团—陕西煤田地质勘查开发集团公司。该集团公司将以资本为纽带构筑母子公司管理体制,其中以陕西煤田地质勘查有限责任公司为母公司,由陕西省煤田地质局出资设立,局领导下的各单位以主营业务或经营性资产组建有限责任公司,作为陕西煤田地质勘查有限责任公司的子公司。陕西煤田地质勘查开发有限责任公司作为集团公司的核心企业,代表集团公司行使管理职能,并以其组建的决策中心、投融资中心、信息中心、项目招投标中心、科技开发中心和资金结算中心等实体,代表集团公司参与市场竞争。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage and water pollution at Makum Coalfield,India

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the severe environmental problems that coal mines are facing. Generation of AMD in the northeastern part of India due to the coal mining activities has long been reported. However detailed geochemical characterization of AMD and its impact on water quality of various creeks, river and groundwater in the area has never been reported. Coal and coal measure rocks in the study area show finely disseminated pyrite crystals. Secondary solid phases, resulted due to oxidation of pyrite, occur on the surface of coal, and are mainly consisting of hydrated sulphate complexes of Fe and Mg (copiapite group of minerals). The direct mine discharges are highly acidic (up to pH 2.3) to alkaline (up to pH 7.6) in nature with high concentration of SO₄²⁻. Acidic discharges are highly enriched with Fe, Al, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd, while Cr, Cu, Zn and Co are below their maximum permissible limit in most mine discharges. Creeks that carrying the direct mine discharges are highly contaminated; whereas major rivers are not much impacted by AMD. Ground water close to the collieries and AMD affected creeks are highly contaminated by Mn, Fe and Pb. Through geochemical modeling, it is inferred that jarosite is stable at pH less than 2.5, schwertmannite at pH less than 4.5, ferrihydrite above 5.8 and goethite is stable over wide range of pH, from highly acidic to alkaline condition.     

采煤塌陷地复垦模式综合效益的评价研究

根据调查研究,建立了一个由3级递阶系统（目标层、准则层、子准则层）、3大类（经济效益、生态效益、社会效益）、11项指标构成的塌陷地复垦模式综合效益评价指标体系,并构建了评价模型。运用该评价模型,对积水较深的塌陷地、积水较浅或季节性积水的塌陷地、无积水塌陷地3种情况下,农业复垦、林业复垦、渔业复垦和旅游业复垦4种典型复垦模式的综合效益进行了评价,以期对塌陷地复垦模式的选择和设计提供指导。     

陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区煤层厚度混合分布特征及其意义

煤层厚度统计分布及空间变化规律研究对煤矿勘探和生产建设具有重要作用.以陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区中鸡勘查区详查工作中获取的83个钻孔数据为例,对三大主要可采煤层2-2煤、3-1煤、4-3煤的煤厚数据进行了探索性数据分析,认为3个层煤的煤厚数据均具有混合分布特征,进而采用MML-EM算法对煤层厚度数据进行了高斯有限混合总体筛分.由总体筛分结果可见2-2煤、3-1煤的煤厚数据近似服从由2个子分布组成的混合正态分布,4-3煤厚数据近似服从由3个子分布组成的混合正态分布.讨论了煤层底板高程与煤厚的相关关系,认为煤厚变化主要受底板高程变化影响.筛分所获取的低值与高值2个子正态分布可能分别对应于2种不同的沉积环境,即低值总体指示泥沙及砾石等沉积物的沉积速度大于植物遗体的沉积环境,高值总体则反之.     

Coal-derived rates of atmospheric dust deposition during the Jurassic-Cretaceous greenhouse periods

The study of dust deposition records in geological history is of great significance to the study of paleoclimate evolution during deep periods. Because dust can directly influence the biochemical processes and climate evolution of the Earth. However, the absence of quantitative data on dust limits the systematic and comprehensive study of paleoclimate evolution during deep periods. Prior to the Quaternary period, most quantitative studies on atmospheric dust have focused on the Permian era. However, in the entire Mesozoic era, there are still no quantitative data available on atmospheric dust deposition rates. We utilized the average concentration of inorganic matter in coal from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods to depict the dust concentration and corresponding dust deposition rate in the atmospheric system during these periods. We also conducted a correlation analysis using the distribution of arid source areas. The results show that the values of ash concentration and dust deposition rates are higher near the arid provenance and lower far away from it. Furthermore, in this study, we have compared the latitudinal variation gradient of dust deposition rates under the icehouse and greenhouse climates by using the end of the Permian and Quaternary as representatives of icehouse climate and the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as representatives of the greenhouse climate. Our findings indicate that there is a higher ash concentration, dust deposition rate, and dust deposition rate variation gradient in the air under the icehouse climate, while there is a lower ash concentration, dust deposition rate, and dust deposition rate gradient in the air under the greenhouse climate. We have also discussed the dust sources during the Mesozoic period, as well as the differences in ash data under greenhouse and icehouse conditions. This provides a strong basis for studying the atmospheric environment after the modern climate entered the ice age.     

Lower delta plain interdistributary deposits — An example from the Westphalian of the Lancashire Coalfield,northwest England

A large quarry at Billinge Beacon in Lancashire, northwest England, has provided an excellent exposure of part of the Lower Westphalian A (Upper Carboniferous) Coal Measures sequence which was deposited in a lower delta plain setting. The main horizon exposed, known as the Dyneley Knoll Flags, is interpreted as the proximal reaches of two crevasse-initiated minor delta complexes, into the lower of which has been incised a sinuous minor distributary channel. The channel, which was approximately 120 m wide, built a 160 m wide channel belt by limited lateral accretion with time; vertical accretion appears to have been the dominant infilling mechanism. This produced a stacked series of epsilon cross-strata, made up of rhythmically interbedded sandstone and silty claystone. The peculiar style of infilling of the channel is ascribed to deep incision of the channel into minor delta deposits, and possibly the influence of a seasonal climate.     

Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin,Baroševac,Serbia

Diatomite associated with the Kolubara Coal Basin was studied to better understand early stage silica diagenesis of shallow water deposits. The Kolubara Basin consists of Neogene siliciclastic rocks, diatomite, marlstone and rare carbonates. Palaeozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous basement rocks are transgressively overlain by Upper Miocene sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. This Upper Miocene section is transgressively overlain by the Pontian section, which contains diatomite and coal beds. White and grey diatomite forms beds 0.7-2.2 m thick that are continuous over an area of about 2 km². Siliceous rocks vary in composition from diatomite (81-89 per cent SiO₂) to diatom-bearing shale (58-60 per cent SiO₂). Siliceous deposits are laminated in places, with the laminae defined by variations in clay minerals, organic matter and diatoms. Diatomite shows only incipient diagenesis characterized by the fragmentation of diatom frustules, the minor to moderate corrosion of frustules and the formation of minor amounts of opal-A' (X-ray amorphous inorganic opal) cement. The low degree of diagenesis results from the young age of the deposits, low burial temperatures and possibly also from the presence of abundant organic matter and the dissolution of kaolinite. The presence of only weak diagenesis is also reflected by the characteristically poor consolidation of the rocks and low rank of the associated coal.