Tracing the recently increasing anthropogenic Pb inputs into the East China Sea shelf sediments using Pb isotopic analysis

This study examined the Pb content and Pb isotopic composition in a sediment core taken from the East China Sea (ECS) shelf, and it was observed that since 2003 the increasing anthropogenic Pb inputs have impacted as far as the ECS shelf sediments. The ECS shelf sediments were generally characterized with low bulk Pb contents (12.5–15.0 μg/g) and relatively lithogenic Pb isotopic signatures (both HCl-leached and residual fractions). However, elevated Pb records along with lighter Pb isotopic signals have occurred in the post-2003 sediments, as a result of a small but increasing anthropogenic Pb contribution from the heavily human perturbed coastal sediments due to the sharply increasing coal consumption in mainland China since 2003.     

K0及三轴应力状态下压实膨胀土膨胀模型研究

以不同初始压实状态下的南阳中膨胀土为对象,在常规固结仪上开展侧限膨胀试验及采用GDS三轴仪进行恒定偏差应力的三轴膨胀试验,通过多元非线性拟合分析,分别获得考虑初始压实度、含水率、上覆压力耦合关联影响的K0膨胀模型以及体积膨胀率与球应力（体积应力）关系的三轴膨胀经验模型。基于K0膨胀模型,提出了压实土膨胀潜势能的定量计算公式,并推导出膨胀土边坡处理层厚度的理论计算方法。基于膨胀体积应变只随球应力变化而不受偏差应力影响的假设条件,分析了同一起始条件下,膨胀土K0模型与三轴膨胀模型的内在关联,并建立了通过K0模型推算三轴应力条件下体积膨胀率的理论方法。试验结果表明：采用多因素耦合的K0膨胀模型预测压实土膨胀势具有较好的准确度及合理性;联系K0模型与三轴膨胀模型的纽带在于假设侧限膨胀全程存在一个平均静止侧压力系数,采用反演方法得到平均侧压力系数呈现随上覆压力增大而减小的趋势,这种变化规律的根本原因则在于侧向膨胀力随上覆压力的增大而减小。     

上海黏土压缩指数和回弹指数经验关系

压缩指数Cc和回弹指数Cs是土力学中表征土体变形特性的两个重要参数指标,可通过室内一维固结试验获得。但是试验过程耗时长,因此,很多学者提出了压缩指数Cc与物理指标（尤其是液限wL、天然含水率wn、初始孔隙比e0和塑性指数Ip）的经验关系。通过对比国内外压缩指数经验关系,发现压缩指数与天然含水率和孔隙比关系离散性较小,分别给出了一个统一的经验关系。采用薄壁取土器从上海某一场地取得第②～⑥层土的原状土样进行固结试验,并搜集整理分析已有文献中的试验数据和上海69个场地的岩土勘察数据,给出了上海典型土层压缩指数Cc与wL、wn、e0、Ip的经验关系。同时发现,Cc/n0与Cc以及Cs/n0与Cs（n0为初始孔隙率）之间具有高度的线性关系,从而给出了基于初始孔隙率n0预测上海黏土压缩指数Cc和回弹指数Cs的经验关系。分析了压缩指数和回弹指数的关系,结果表明,上海正常固结黏土Cc/Cs分布在4.8～6.9之间,平均值约为5.8;超固结黏土Cc/Cs分布在3.3～5.2之间,平均值约为4.3。     

煤炭充填开采技术在济宁煤矿的应用

济宁市煤炭企业为安全高效开采煤炭资源,开展了煤炭充填开采技术研究,该技术的实施既释放了地下煤炭资源,提高资源回收率;又控制了土地塌陷,减少矸石占压,保护矿区生态环境,提高矿井开采安全保障程度,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。但该技术还存在生产效率低、厚层煤充填效果不理想、不能满足大面积实施等一些问题,需要进一步完善提高。     

膨润土加砂混合物膨胀特征试验研究

运用自行研制的膨胀仪对膨润土加砂混合物进行了一系列膨胀力及膨胀应变等膨胀特性的试验研究,分析了膨胀力随时间的变化规律、两向膨胀力之间的关系和膨胀应变与时间及吸水量之间的关系。试验研究表明,膨润土加砂混合物的最大膨胀力以及最大膨胀应变主要取决于混合物的最初干密度和膨润土含量,并且随着二者的增大而增大;膨润土加砂混合物的水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比随着混合物干密度的增大减小,并且与干密度近似成线性关系;不同膨润土含量的膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀应变与时间成双曲线关系,与吸水量近似呈S型曲线关系,并且其最大膨胀应变与膨润土含量存在指数关系。试验结果对高放废物深处置库中的缓冲回填材料设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Acoustic emission and volumetric strain induced in coal by the displacement sorption of methane and carbone dioxide

The aim of this study was to assess whether acoustic emission (AE) could carry information on preferential sorption/desorption of CH₄ or CO₂ in coal. AE and expansion/contraction of two nearly identical cylindrical coal samples were continuously monitored during displacement sorption experiments. One sample was subjected to presorption of CH₄, followed by sorption of CH₄/CO₂ mixture. With the other one, presorption of CO₂ preceded sorption of the mixture. The results obtained are the following: first, AE and stain kinetics show that the affinity of the coal tested is higher for CO₂ than for CH₄; second, methane is preferentially desorbed after presorption of CH₄ — sorption of mixture of CH₄ and CO₂; third, during displacement sorption, kinetics of AE and sample swelling/shrinkage bring out the importance of presorption and the sorbate used. It matters whether the coal is first exposed to CH₄ or to CO₂. The present study has demonstrated that injection of CO₂ into the coal previously exposed to CH₄ causes considerable swelling of the coal. On desorption after CH₄/CO₂ exchange sorption, initial shrinkage is followed by swelling of the coal. These results could have implications for the sequestration of CO₂ in coal seams and CH₄ recovery from coalbeds (ECBM). Swelling/shrinkage of the coal matrix should be included in models used to predict coal permeability and gas flow rates. They also show that the AE technique can give more insights into coal matrix-gas interactions.     

吐哈盆地库姆塔格煤田西山窑组煤层煤相分析

以沉积学、煤岩学和煤相学理论为指导,运用煤相参数,结合宏观、微观煤岩特征分析煤相类型。结果表明:研究区宏观煤岩类型以暗淡型煤为主,显微煤岩类型以微镜惰煤为主,煤田西北部属潮湿-弱覆水环境,东南部属极潮湿-覆水环境;西北部煤层沼泽类型为干燥森林沼泽相,东南部以潮湿森林沼泽相为主,次为干燥森林沼泽相,沉积环境主要为浅沼相。综合分析认为,库姆塔格煤田煤层形成环境为低水位微弱水动力条件下、以潮湿森林沼泽为主、干燥森林沼泽次之的浅沼相,煤岩和煤相分析为聚煤环境分析、煤质评价、煤层对比等提供科学依据。     

含水状态下膏溶角砾岩破裂全程的细观力学试验研究

利用新型岩石细观力学试验系统,对石家庄-太原铁路专线太行山隧道工程6#斜井的膏溶角砾岩在单轴压缩荷载作用下的岩石细观损伤裂纹扩展直至破裂的全程进行了实时观测,得到了不同含水状态下岩石初始损伤微裂纹的萌生、扩展、连接、贯通直至宏观破裂的数字显微和全场实时图像。从岩石细观损伤机制出发,结合同时获得的应力-应变曲线,将损伤破裂过程分为4个阶段,得到了含水状态下岩石损伤发展演化的初步规律,并给出了应力损伤门槛值,发现水环境影响下造成的初始损伤微裂纹是水对膨胀软岩力学性质产生软化作用的重要因素。     

膨胀岩的判别与分类标准

膨胀岩的判别与分级是膨胀岩研究的重要内容。本文在分析和总结了前人研究成果的基础上,提出了一种以膨胀岩中亲水矿物成分的含量为基础控制指标,以岩块的干燥饱和吸水率、极限膨胀量、极限膨胀力为主要控制指标新的标准。并利用新的标准对文献中的工程实例进行了分析应用。     

Local amplification of deep mining induced vibrations part.2: Simulation of ground motion in a coal basin

This work investigates the impact of deep coal mining induced vibrations on surface constructions using numerical tools. An experimental study of the geological site amplification and of its influence on mining induced vibrations has already been published in the previous paper (Part 1: Experimental evidence for site effects in a coal basin). Measurements have shown the existence of an amplification area in the southern part of the basin where drilling data have shown the presence of particularly fractured and soft stratigraphic units. The present study, using the boundary element method (BEM) in the frequency domain, first investigates canonical geological structures in order to get general results for various sites. The amplification level at the surface is given as a function of the shape of the basin and of the velocity contrast with the bedrock. Next, the particular coal basin previously studied experimentally (Driad-Lebeau et al. [1]) is modeled numerically by BEM. The amplification phenomena characterized numerically for the induced vibrations are found to be compatible with the experimental findings such as: amplification level, frequency range and location. Finally, the whole work was necessary to fully assess the propagation and amplification of mine induced vibrations. The numerical results quantifying amplification can also be used to study other coal basins or various types of alluvial sites.