煤炭地质勘查水文孔洗井方法及流程刍议

煤炭地质勘查水文地质勘探孔一般洗井方法有活塞洗井、压缩空气洗井、酸化洗井、多磷酸盐洗井、液态二氧化碳洗井、水泵抽水洗井等.根据近两年的钻井施工管理经验,总结了煤炭地质勘查水文地质勘探孔的一般洗井方法及流程.     

Reactivity of semifusinite and fusinite in the view of micro-Raman spectroscopy examination

The study was performed on inertinite concentrates prepared from 19 samples of bituminous, mostly coking, coal (R_r = 0.87–1.42%) from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland. In all examined samples, total semifusinite differs from fusinite, in terms of mean values, by higher frequencies of the D1 and D4 band position and lower frequency of the D3 band position, higher G band FWHM, the A_D3/A_ALL and A_D4/A_ALL ratios (where A_ALL means the surface of all the Raman bands), and lower D1 band FWHM, the I_D1/I_G and A_D1/A_ALL ratios. Similar differences exist between reactive and non-reactive semifusinites. The diameter of coherent domains (L_a) increases in the following sequence: reactive semifusinite < non-reactive semifusinite < fusinite. The A_{D3 + D4}/A_ALL ratio reflects inertinite reactivity in bituminous coals, and decreases with the increase of mean reflectance (R_r) of semifusinite and fusinite. Using the A_{D3 + D4}/A_ALL, I_D1/I_G and A_D1/A_ALL ratios or the D3 band position it is possible to interpret thresholds dividing, in terms of mean values, total semifusinite and fusinite, coming from different coals. The results of the study suggest that the term “semifusinite” should only comprise reactive and semi-reactive components. Non-reactive semifusinite should be considered fusinite. Semifusinite from bituminous coals (of R_r ≈ 0.9–1.4%), defined in the proposed way, would be characterized by the A_{D3 + D4}/A_ALL ratio ≥ 0.35, or the I_D1/I_G ratio ≤ 1.03.     

A comparative evaluation of minerals and trace elements in the ashes from lignite, coal refuse, and biomass fired power plants

Coal being a limited source of energy, extraction of energy from other sources like lignite, coal-refuse, and biomass is being attempted worldwide. The minerals and inorganic elements present in fuel feeds pose different technological and environmental concerns. Lignite ash, refuse ash, and biomass ash collected from Indian power plants burning lignite, coal-refuse, and mustard stalk, respectively, were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and trace elements. The lignite ash has high SiO₂, CaO, MgO, Al₂O_3, and SO₃; the refuse ash has high SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃, but low SO₃; the biomass ash has high SiO₂ (but low Al₂O₃), and high CaO, MgO, K₂O, Na₂O, SO₃, and P₂O₅. A substantial presence of chloride (2.1%) was observed in the biomass ash. Quartz is the most abundant mineral species. Other minerals are mullite, hematite, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the lignite ash; orthoclase in the refuse ash; albite, sanidine, gehlenite, anhydrite, and calcite in the biomass ash. Ashes with high concentrations (> 100 mg/kg) of trace elements are: lignite ash (V < La < Mn < Cr < Ni < Nd < Ba < Ce, Zn < Sr); refuse ash (Cr < Ce < V < Rb < Mn < Sr, Zn < Ba); biomass ash (Cu < Zn < Ba, Sr). Based on Earth crust normalization, Co, Ni, As, Se, Mo, Zn, Pb, U, and REEs (except Pr and Er) are enriched in the lignite ash; molybdenum, Zn, Cs, Pb, Th, U, La, Ce, and Lu in the refuse ash; and Mo, Zn, Sr, Cs, Pb, and Lu in the biomass ash. Elements As, Zn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Cr, V, Ba, Sr, and REEs are correlated with Al, indicating the possibilities of their association with aluminum silicates minerals. Similarly, barium, Cs, Th, and U are correlated with iron oxides; molybdenum and Sr may also be associated with sulfates and chlorides. Due to the alkaline nature of these ashes, the high concentrations of As and Se in the lignite ash; molybdenum in the biomass ash; and Se in the refuse ash may pose environmental concerns.     

Evaluation of the reservoir permeability of anthracite coals by geophysical logging data

Permeability is one of the most significant reservoir parameters. It is commonly obtained by experiment, history simulation, injection/falloff well test and geophysical logging. Among these, geophysical logging remains as the most economic and efficient technique in evaluating coal permeability in the vicinity of an open-hole. In this paper, geophysical logging data are used to evaluate the coal reservoir permeability for the No. 3 coal seam in the southern Qinshui Basin (Fanzhuang and Zhengzhuang coal zones). Ideally coal reservoirs consist of coal matrix and fracture networks that can be represented by a model called a collection of sheets. Based on the model, coal reservoir permeability can be quantitatively calculated using the theoretical formula of k_f = 8.50 × 10^− 4 w²φ_f, in which fracture width (w) and fracture porosity (φ_f) were obtained by dual laterolog and density logging data, respectively. Calculative results show that coal reservoir permeability ranged from 0.017 mD to 0.617 mD for the Fanzhuang coal zone and from 0.047 mD to 1.337 mD for the Zhengzhuang coal zone. The permeability decreases with coal burial depth, reflecting variations in penetration capability of coal reservoirs at varying depths. Comparing results with those from injection/falloff well tests, however, shows that the model-calculated permeability is slightly higher. This is expected because the model did not include the influence from coal anisotropy.     

有机岩石学在油气勘探中应用的现状和发展

本文评述了有机岩石学在研究有机成熟度、有机质类型、生烃组分和成烃作用、烃类排出运移和聚集等方面的现状和发展方向。有机成熟度评价中镜质体反射率抑制、固体沥青反射率所反映的热成熟度等问题已基本解决，难点在于下古生界高过成熟烃源岩成熟度评价。沉积有机质显微组分类已基本统一。尚未有明确认识的关键问题是无定形有机质和矿物沥青基质特征和分类，这影响到有机质类型有机岩石学评价准确性。我国石油部门一直采用透射光干酪根显微组分定量评价有机质类型，建立反光下全岩和干酪根光片显微组分鉴定和类型评价标准显得十分迫切。烃源岩生烃组分和成烃作用有机岩石学剖析为沉积盆地有机质演化和烃类形成提供了最直观和准确的认识。对烃类流体包裹体和固体沥青显微特征的分析为油气藏形成演化史提供了重要信息。     

月球地质结构及其岩石学特征

简要介绍了美国ＮＡＳＡ阿波罗计划所获得的有关月球地质结构的一些新资料，结合笔者对月球岩石光片，薄片的镜下观察，简要介绍了月球岩石的岩石学特征，并讨论了有关月球的演化起源问题。     

攸县矿山地质灾害及其防治对策

攸县有各类煤矿320多家，废石乱堆乱放，引起泥石流；不规落开采，造成植被破坏，地下水位下降，引起地面沉隆，塌陷和矿井冒顶，突水、瓦斯爆炸等矿山地质灾害；这就是煤矿布局不合理，未对采矿活动全程监管所致，为使矿山地质灾害降到最低程度，必须加强领导，加大地质调查力度，多方筹集资金，编制全县矿山地质灾害防治规则，实行谁破坏，谁治理，以保护国家和人民生命财产安全。     

贵州省含煤渣建材的放射性污染调查

调查研究了贵州省主要煤田及贵阳地区部分小煤矿中天然放射性核素含量水平，叙述了利用煤渣作建筑材料所产生的巨大社会效益和经济效益。阐明了根据煤灰（渣）的天然放射性核素含量水平进行分类管理的重要性，分析煤灰（渣）作建筑材料存在的一些问题，对可能产生的放射性污染提出防治对策。     

Estimation of critical convergence and rock load in coal mine roadways — an approach based on rock mass rating

Summary Based on field instrumentation in eight different coal mines representing varying depths and strata conditions, a relation for obtaining the critical convergence value has been established. In development heading for bord and pillar workings this relation can be used successfully to control the premature collapse of the roof. An empirical relation for rock load has been established. This can be utilized for optimum design of support system. The roofs have been categorized as stable, short-term stable and unstable. Proper attention should be provided for an unstable roof and the support design is to be changed before the convergence reaches the critical value.     

芦山—天全地区大溪砾岩岩石学特征及物源区分析

大溪砾岩为一套厚层碳酸盐质砾岩,具有砾石含量高,砾石分选、磨圆较好的特点。据砾石统计、薄片分析、古生物鉴定、古流分析及重矿物组合表明,大溪砾岩中砾石主要来自龙门山区的泥盆系—三叠系,填隙物中的石英碎屑可能主要来自杂岩体。大溪砾岩的砾石成分有向上趋于复杂的特点。