Clustering of Lyman-Alpha Emitters galaxies

Galaxy clustering properties have been studied for decades to constrain cosmological parameters and have today, with large datasets of high-redshift sources piling up, become a powerful tool to discriminate and characterize primeval galaxies. In the last years, several Lyman-Alpha Emitter (LAE) galaxy samples have been gathered, which are big, uniform and compact enough to allow clustering analysis. Here we present a summary of the discussion session on the clustering properties of LAEs at the “Understanding Lyman-Alpha Emitters” conference.     

The Effects of Thermal Stratification on Clustering Properties of Canopy Turbulence

The intermittent structure of turbulence within the canopy sublayer (CSL) is sensitive to the presence of foliage and to the atmospheric stability regime. How much of this intermittency originates from amplitude variability or clustering properties remains a vexing research problem for CSL flows. Using a five-level set of measurements collected within a dense hardwood canopy, the clustering properties of CSL turbulence and their dependence on atmospheric stability are explored using the telegraphic approximation (TA). The binary structure of the TA removes any amplitude variability from turbulent excursions but retains their zero-crossing behaviour, and thereby isolating the role of clustering in intermittency. A relationship between the spectral exponents of the actual and the TA series is derived across a wide range of atmospheric stability regimes and for several flow variables. This relationship is shown to be consistent with a relationship derived for long-memory and monofractal processes such as fractional Brownian motion (fBm). Moreover, it is demonstrated that for the longitudinal and vertical velocity components, the vegetation does not appreciably alter fine-scale clustering but atmospheric stability does. Stable atmospheric stability conditions is characterized by more fine scale clustering when compared to other atmospheric stability regimes. For scalars, fine-scale clustering above the canopy is similar to its velocity counterpart but is significantly increased inside the canopy, especially under stable stratification. Using simplified scaling analysis, it is demonstrated that clustering is much more connected to space than to time within the CSL. When comparing intermittency for flow variables and their TA series, it is shown that for velocity, amplitude variations modulate intermittency for all stability regimes. However, amplitude variations play only a minor role in scalar intermittency. Within the crown region of the canopy, a ‘double regime’ emerges in the inter-pulse duration probability distributions not observed in classical turbulence studies away from boundaries. The double regime is characterized by a power-law distribution for shorter inter-pulse periods and a log-normal distribution for large inter-pulse periods. The co-existence of these two regimes is shown to be consistent with near-field/far-field scaling arguments. In the near-field, short inter-pulse periods are controlled by the source strength, while in the far-field long inter-pulse periods are less affected by the precise source strength details and more affected by the transport properties of the background turbulence.     

北京地区热岛效应及日较差特征

通过对2007～2010年北京地区经质量控制后的123个自动气象站气温数据采用K均值聚类方法分类, 得到城区、郊区、西部和北部山区、西南和东北部山区4个温度分区, 分析了4个分区气温的年变化、日变化和日较差变化特征, 并对北京地区热岛效应的时间变化特征进行了细致分析。结果表明:聚类分析方法可对北京地区温度很好地进行分区, 分区结果与站点的地形和下垫面情况较为吻合;不同分区温度日较差在西部和北部山区最大, 在西南部和东北部山区次之, 郊区再次之, 在城区的日较差最小;在一年中, 各温度分区以2月、5月与10月日较差较大, 其中以5月的日较差为最大;北京地区热岛效应在冬季和夜间较强, 而3～8月热岛较弱, 在夏季的白天比其它季节白天强。     

基于HAC的溢油SAR图像分割算法

图像分割是SAR溢油检测中的关键步骤,但由于SAR影像中存在斑点噪声,使得一般的图像分割算法难以收到理想的效果,严重影响溢油检测的精度.发展一种基于凝聚层次聚类(Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering,HAC)的溢油SAR图像分割算法.该算法利用多尺度分割的思想,能够有效保持SAR影像中溢油斑块的形状特征,并能减少细碎斑块的产生.利用2010年墨西哥湾的Envisat ASAR影像开展了溢油SAR图像分割实验,并将该算法和Canny边缘检测、OTSU阈值分割、FCM分割、水平集分割等方法进行了对比.结果显示,HAC方法可以有效减少细碎斑块的产生,有助于提高SAR溢油检测的精度.     

多尺度空间分层聚类算法在土地利用与土地覆被研究中的应用

利用遥感数据,综合最大似然法监督分类、多尺度空间分层聚类的部分监督分类方法和主成分方法,分析黄河上游龙羊峡水库库区1987～1999年间土地利用土地覆盖变化.提取专题信息,不同要素采用不同方法;具体分类中,土地利用类型的一级类型耕地、水体及未利用土地类型采用主成分分析和最大似然法监督分类方法;对一级类型草地采用多尺度分层聚类算法的部分监督分类方法.结果表明,草地信息利用SSHC方法提取结果较好,与Bayes分类方法相比,精度提高4.2%,SSHC所获结果数据Kappa系数为0.84,Bayes所获结果数据Kap-pa系数为0.78.对某专题要素分类,此方法结果较优.     

基于模糊神经网络和符号的地震预报专家系统NGESEP

本文介绍了专家系统的发展、神经网络、模糊系统与专家系统相结合的优点以及新一代地震报专家系统的构成等。该系统除具有传统专家系统的特点外，还因使用模糊联想记忆神经网络模型而具有良好的学习功能。文中也对ＦＡＭ神经网络模型及其应用作了介绍。     

Fault Activities and Paleoearthquake Events along the Piedmont Fault （Wujumengkou-Dongfengcun Segment） of Mt. Serteng, Inner Mongolia

INTRODUCTIONThepiedmontfaultofLangshan SertengMountains,locatedonthenorthernmarginoftheOrdosblock ,constitutestheboundarybetweentheHetaofaultedbasinandtheLangshan Sertengmountains.ThefaulttrendsinaNEdirectionalongthepiedmontofMt.Langshan ,changestoanearE Wdirec tionalongthepiedmontofMt.Serteng ,andthenheadinginaNWdirectioneastofWubulangkou .Itslengthis 310km .ItcontrolsthenorthernmarginoftheLinhefaultedbasin .TheGeologicalBureauoftheInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion (1980 )regardedt…     

Urban tourism and small tourism enterprise development in Johannesburg: The case of township tourism

Urban tourism is a focus of vibrant research in developed countries. In this paper the focus is upon an element of urban tourism in a developing world city, viz., Johannesburg. Specific attention centers on an analysis of the role of small enterprise development in urban tourism. The major issues surrounding the development of small tourism businesses in two of Johannesburg's former black townships, namely Soweto and Alexandra, which are emerging as centers for so-termed ‘township tourism’ in South Africa, are investigated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agribusiness,contract farmers and land‐use sustainability in North‐West Tasmania

The core questions pertaining to contract farming or ‘vertical co‐ordination’ relate to the ownership of decision‐making. Where decision‐making is partly removed from farmers there arise issues of sustainability which are inadequately addressed by current practice. A mail questionnaire conducted in North‐west Tasmania in 1990–91 obtained responses from 310 farmers, a 68 per cent return rate from the 456 valid cases initially identified. At the time of the survey, 119 respondents were involved in contract cropping, and a majority of these responses indicated a need for greater co‐ordination in farm planning. This co‐ordination requires a re‐think of the roles of both agribusiness firms and farmer organisations, as well as acceptance by farmers that long‐term planning for crop rotation and soil management has associated self‐benefit. Responsibility for soil erosion is seen to lie partly at the feet of processing firms which relegate production tasks to farmers under contract, but frequently appear to ignore the impact of short‐term planning horizons upon farmer capacity to manage soils for erosion minimisation. With few exceptions, such as the processor firm specialising in the perennial crop pyrethrum and one onion processor that encourages soil conservation, in North‐west Tasmania processing firms generally play no part in planning for sustainable land use.     

Joint interpretation of the size and time distributions of seismic activity around the Hengill triple junction (SW Iceland) between 1993 and 1999

A newly developed clustering algorithm is described which uses the Unified Scaling Law for earthquakes to identify correlations between events that lead to clustering. This algorithm is applied to a dataset from the Hengill triple junction in south west Iceland to separate spatially and temporally overlapping earthquake sequences. We show that the algorithm successfully identifies spatio-temporally clustered events.A search for certain patterns in the identified clusters is performed. These patterns emerged in numerical simulations of seismicity performed by Hainzl (2003) when viscous coupling was introduced in order to reproduce features of swarm earthquakes. Namely we look for a combination of increased Gutenberg-Richter b-value and decreased exponent of the waiting-time distribution α. This pattern, indicating the strongest influence of viscous coupling on the characteristics of the seismicity, could be localized beneath an extinct volcano approximately 5 km north of an area of recent crustal uplift.