上海石化总厂化工物料码头对附近水下地形变化的影响

分析了上海石化总厂化工物料码头周围水下地形工程前后的变化。指出在淤泥质岸段,由于沿岸工程的影响,造成工程附近水域动力环境的改变,水下地形随之作出相应的调整。特别在淤泥质岸段附近流急、含沙量高的水域中构筑沿岸工程,工程的水流下方一侧,水流减缓,水流挟沙能力大大减弱,出现明显的局部淤浅地形,为提高工程效益,对各工程之间的相互影响,应予以重视。     

塔里木盆地古城地区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征

下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层是塔里木盆地古城地区的主要产气层。为了探讨研究区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳同位素变化的原因,对取自塔中地区古城7、古城8、古城9和古城12等4口井的51块碳酸盐岩样品进行了分析,结果显示,δ13C值为-2.26‰~1.55‰,δ18O值为-10.57‰~-4.69‰,Mn/Sr也小于2~3的范围。结果表明,研究区碳酸盐岩样品基本保持了碳氧同位素的原始组成。δ13C值与海平面变化存在正相关关系,证明研究区早奥陶世晚期存在一海退期。     

岬湾海滩剖面中长期变化特征及其控制因素——以青岛石老人海滩为例

了解海滩剖面变化可以更好地理解海滩动态过程。利用2007年5月~2014年12月近8 a青岛石老人海滩剖面的实测资料,计算剖面各段单宽体积变化量及后滨宽度,结合交叉小波和小波相干分析方法,探讨海滩剖面中长期淤蚀变化特征及其控制因素。结果表明,近8 a来海滩剖面表现为侵蚀状态,不同岸段侵蚀程度不同。剖面1岸段侵蚀明显,剖面2和剖面3岸段轻微侵蚀。剖面的变化过程可划分为平稳期、剧变期和微调期3个时期。各时期剖面的季节性变化较复杂,平稳期具冬蚀夏淤的交替变化特征,整体淤蚀量较小;剧变期剖面呈阶段性蚀退,变化幅度相对较大,微调期剖面可能仍处于剧变期的恢复阶段,季节性变化不明显。剧变期和微调期的小波交叉谱和相干谱分析显示,波浪和前滨单宽体积相干性较好,尤其当大于2 m的波高达到10%以上,海滩地形可以和波高变化产生同周期的变化。因此波高变化基本控制了剖面的季节变化。而海滩长周期变化主要受控于风暴潮作用及其漫长的恢复期,沿岸输沙和海平面变化则一定程度上导致了剖面长期侵蚀格局的形成。     

Linkages between Alaskan sockeye salmon abundance, growth at sea, and climate, 1955–2002

We tested the hypothesis that increased growth of salmon during early marine life contributed to greater survival and abundance of salmon following the 1976/1977 climate regime shift and that this, in turn, led to density-dependent reductions in growth during late marine stages. Annual measurements of Bristol Bay (Bering Sea) and Chignik (Gulf of Alaska) sockeye salmon scale growth from 1955 to 2002 were used as indices of body growth. During the first and second years at sea, growth of both stocks tended to be higher after the 1976–1977 climate shift, whereas growth during the third year and homeward migration was often below average. Multiple regression models indicated that return per spawner of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon and adult abundance of western and central Alaska sockeye salmon were positively correlated with growth during the first 2 years at sea and negatively correlated with growth during later life stages. After accounting for competition between Bristol Bay sockeye and Asian pink salmon, age-specific adult length of Bristol Bay salmon increased after the 1976–1977 regime shift, then decreased after the 1989 climate shift. Late marine growth and age-specific adult length of Bristol Bay salmon was exceptionally low after 1989, possibly reducing their reproductive potential. These findings support the hypothesis that greater marine growth during the first 2 years at sea contributed to greater salmon survival and abundance, which in turn led to density-dependent growth during later life stages when size-related mortality was likely lower. Our findings provide new evidence supporting the importance of bottom-up control in marine ecosystems and highlight the complex dynamics of species interactions that continually change as salmon grow and mature in the ocean.     

Understanding El Niño — The importance of Grey Literature in Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management

Access to information about past states of the environment and social systems is fundamental to understand, and cope with, the challenges of climate change and over-exploitation of natural resources at the onset of the 21st century. The loss of (old) data is a major threat to understanding better and mitigating long-term effects of human activities and anthropogenic changes to the environment. Although this is intuitively evident for old and local literature of any kind, even present-day international publishing of papers without the underlying raw data makes access to basic information a crucial issue. Here, we summarise experience resulting from a EU-funded International Science & Technology Cooperation (INCO) project (CENSOR) addressing Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) context. We show that indeed “Grey Literature” is still one of the most important sources of knowledge about natural science research and management of natural resource systems in Latin American countries. We argue that public archiving of original data of present-day research and old (Grey) Literature and easy public access are important for appreciating today's global environmental challenges caused by human activities, both past and present.     

Mapping of climatic parameters under climate change impacts in Iran

ABSTRACT

This research aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of climate change effects on temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration over the country of Iran for the time periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069 and 2070–2099, and under scenarios A2 and B2. After preparation of measured temperature and precipitation data and calculation of potential evapotranspiration for the base time period of 1960–1990 for 46 meteorological stations (with a nationwide distribution), initial zoning of these three parameters over the country was attempted. Maximum and minimum temperatures and values of precipitation were obtained from the HadCM3 model under scenarios A2 and B2 for the three time periods, and these data were downscaled. Corresponding maps were prepared for the three parameters in the three time periods, and spatial and temporal variations of these climatic parameters under scenarios A2 and B2 were extracted and interpreted. Results showed that the highest increase in temperature would occur in western parts of the country, but the highest increase of potential evapotranspiration would occur in the central region of Iran. However, precipitation would vary temporally and spatially in different parts of the country depending on the scenario used and the time period selected.

Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor not assigned     

Geospatial-temporal analysis of land-use changes in the Yellow River Delta during the last 40 years

Research on land use/land cover changes (LUCC)has been the core project of the Global EnvironmentalChanges since the 1990s[1—6]. Scientists at home andabroad have been laying emphasis on integrationstudies on land-use change by “space and process”features[7—10] as researches on LUCC are in a greatdeal. It is of paramount important for us to studyLUCC at various spatial-temporal scales and build aquantitative assessment of land-use conversion by in-tegrated spatial-temporal features. …     

Phytoplankton response to short-term temperature and nutrient changes

Meteorological extreme events (heavy rainfall, heat waves) may lead to fast changes in nutrient load and water temperature in temperate lakes. We conducted laboratory experiments with an artificial phytoplankton community to mimic a rapid temperature increase (from 21 °C to 29 °C) at low nutrient levels (‘heat wave scenario’), respectively temperature decrease (from 21 °C to 16 °C) and increased nutrient load (‘heavy rainfall scenario’). We hypothesised that there is a taxon specific nutrient x temperature interaction, leading to significant shifts in the phytoplankton community composition when both variables change. To separate the temperature effect from the nutrient effect, we performed another experimental series at a reduced temperature but without addition of nutrients. As expected, the nutrient effect was overall more important than temperature and significantly affected all five taxa tested that represented different algal classes. However, temperature also played an important role for community composition, because the cryptophyte Cryptomonas sp. and the dinoflagellate Peridinium sp. reached significantly higher biovolumes at lower temperatures. The nutrient x temperature interaction was significant in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. These findings suggest that our experimental results cannot be interpreted primarily by species competition for nutrients. Heterotrophic bacteria were present in all experiments. Bacterial biomass was significantly positively related to temperature and nutrients. However, relative to phytoplankton biovolume, bacterial biovolume decreased under nutrient replete conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that short-term environmental change may significantly affect both the phytoplankton community (in terms of species dominance and total biomass) and the ratio between autotrophs and heterotrophs in temperate lakes.     

利用水位资料反演华北地区构造应力场变化

本文选取华北地区观测条件较好的63口水位观测井资料, 运用小波分析法去除各井水位资料中的短期高频信息, 提取出能反映水位多年动态变化的趋势信息, 并利用各井水位趋势变化数据反演出华北地区多年构造应力场变化图像, 结合其它水文资料, 探讨了华北地区近年来的构造应力场变化特征。