Provenance discrimination and Source-to-Sink studies from a dryland fluvial regime： An example from Kachchh,western India

Tracing the sediment delivery from its source terrain to its ultimate sink envisage multiple factors that play a vital role in understanding present day erosional engine.To accomplish this,it is significant to distinguish the variable end-members contributing to the basin.The findings from the study of dryland coastal fluvial regime in Kachchh(Western India),which is one of the end members contributing to the Gulf of Kachchh coast(partial sink) and finally to the Arabian Sea(ultimate sink) have been presented here.Multi-proxy sediment provenance proxies such as grain-size,clay minerals,geochemistry and magnetic minerals have been employed to evaluate the provenance discriminating characteristics of the Kachchh dryland fluvial system and factors influencing them.The results of different proxies indicate that the provenance signatures of uplands are quite characteristic with magnetic susceptibility(χ) values of 20×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1) and smectite(S)/kaolinite(K) ratio between 0.26 and 0.49.The middle reaches show marked increase in magnetic mineral concentration with χ values(140×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1))and S/K ratio(4.92),while the estuarine tract shows χ values(80×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1)),S/K ratio(1.90) and,characteristic heavy minerals(i.e.mica minerals),probably reflect the interplay between land and sea oscillations.Major sources of sediments within catchment scale were identified,viz.,upland sedimentary rocks(Juran and Bhuj Formation sandstone-shale) and middle reaches volcanic(Deccan Trap Formation basalt) rocks.The present study draw cautions in provenance of sediment discrimination in areas influenced by Deccan basalt that has the overwhelming sediment delivery and a comparatively subdued effects of other provenance signatures.The studied proxies of mineralogy of clays,magnetic minerals and geochemistry of heavy and major elements serve as the potential for fingerprint of sediment source regions and hence behold a strong position in source to sink studies globally.     

全风化花岗岩化学及矿物成份在全土和粘粒中的不同表征

对全风化花岗岩化学和矿物成份的测试常用全土和粘粒部分(粒径<2μm)分别进行。业已发现两者由于物质组成和结构特征的差异,对土工程地质性质所起作用不同。本文给出了6个全风化花岗岩样品的全土和粘粒部分筛分法和移液管法测定粒度成份,用X荧光光谱仪做全量化学分析,及XRD矿物学分析的结果。对比这两部分数据发现,属于含砾土的这些样品化学成份的变化同矿物一致,尤其是同粘土矿物成份含量变化很一致。同全岩相比,粘粒化学成份中的SiO₂减少了近50%,K₂O含量也降低,而Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和H₂O⁺都明显升高。粘粒中氧化物相对含量升高者居多;全岩矿物成份以石英、粘土矿物和长石为主,粘粒中埃洛石和高岭石占大多数,其次为伊利石;粒度成份、化学成份和矿物含量相关性比较明显的是:石英和角砾正相关,和砂粒负相关,长石和砂粒正相关,粘土矿物含量和Al₂O₃、烧失量(LOI)和埃洛石含量正相关。     

Comparative analysis of contributing parameters for rainfall-triggered landslides in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal

In the Himalaya, people live in widely spread settlements and suffer more from landslides than from any other type of natural disaster. The intense summer monsoons are the main factor in triggering landslides. However, the relations between landslides and slope hydrology have not been a focal topic in Himalayan landslide research. This paper deals with the contributing parameters for the rainfall-triggered landslides which occurred during an extreme monsoon rainfall event on 23 July 2002, in the south-western hills of Kathmandu valley, in the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal. Parameters such as bedrock geology, geomorphology, geotechnical properties of soil, and clay mineralogy are described in this paper. Landslide modeling was performed in SEEP/W and SLOPE/W to understand the relationship of pore water pressure variations in soil layers and to determine the spatial variation of landslide occurrence. Soil characteristics, low angle of internal friction of fines in soil, medium range of soil permeability, presence of clay minerals in soil, bedrock hydrogeology, and human intervention were found to be the main contributing parameters for slope failures in the region.     

地球科学中科技名词“粘土”的规范使用探析

"黏"和"粘"的用法一直受到广大科研工作者和科技期刊编辑的广泛关注,通过对不同标准、辞书、字典中"黏土"和"粘土"的使用和解释情况,探讨了"黏土"和"粘土"的使用原则,建议在地学领域使用"粘土"为规范名词。     

A new afrograptid (Diplostraca: Estheriellina) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England

The Family Afrograptidae is a ‘conchostracan’ group with multiple radial costae reaching to the umbo on their carapaces. It comprises four described genera: Afrograpta, Camerunograpta, Congestheriella and Graptoestheriella with a total of thirteen described species which are occasionally reported from the Jurassic and the Cretaceous in Africa, Europe and South America (i.e. Afrograpta from the Upper Cretaceous of Cameroon; Camerunograpta from the Jurassic to Cretaceous of Cameroon; Congestheriella from the Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous of the Congo Basin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Venezuela and Argentina; and Graptoestheriella from the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of Brazil). A new genus and a new species, Surreyestheria ockleyensis gen. et sp. nov., belonging to the Family Afrograptidae from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Barremian) Upper Weald Clay Formation of Ockley Village, Surrey County, southern England is described in this paper. The new genus mainly differs from the other four genera by the special reticulate ornamentation on its carapace. It indicates that the Family Afrograptidae was more diverse and more widely distributed in the late Mesozoic than previously supposed. Afrograptidae is a special branch of Estheriellina the latter originating in the late Palaeozoic and the former in the early Mesozoic. Afrograptids, as a whole had been widespread across Pangea in the Early Jurassic.     

“井水不犯河水”水文地质学含义初步探讨

利用水化学及同位素水文地质学的方法,对密云水库、潮白河及位于潮白河边的2个地下水分层专门监测井进行取样测试,并结合收集相关资料,从水位、水质及氚、氘、氧-18等同位素方面进行分析研究,对中国古语“井水不犯河水”的水文地质学方面的含义进行了一定的微观层次的分析探讨.得出研究点处潮白河水对50 m外的25 m深的浅井井水有...     

兰坪—思茅盆地古新统粘土矿物研究与成盐环境探讨

云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国重要的成钾盆地,对盆地内勐野井组层位的泥砾岩段(成盐阶段)粘土样品进行XRD分析;同时对滇中楚雄盆地的相同层位(元永井组)粘土样品进行了XRD对比分析。实验结果表明,兰坪—思茅盆地内的样品中粘土矿物组合为伊利石+绿泥石,表明了在成盐阶段较为干旱的古气候条件与较高的古盐度;而楚雄盆地一平浪样品中除伊利石+绿泥石组合外,还含有伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物,反映了当时的古气候条件与兰坪—思茅盆地相比较为湿润。通过计算样品中各种粘土矿物的相对含量,指出兰坪—思茅盆地成盐阶段更晚,成盐作用更强。结合前人的研究成果探讨了兰坪—思茅盆地的成盐环境,指出盆地南部卤水较北部浓缩程度更高,南部成盐条件优于北部。     

Geochemical monitoring of clays for diagenetic evolution of the Paleozoic–Lower Mesozoic sequence in the northern Arabian plate: Hazro and Amanos regions,Southeastern Turkey

Clay minerals in the diagenetic/very low-grade metamorphic–sedimentary series from southeastern Anatolia in Turkey were analyzed to determine their mineralogical and chemical compositions. In the Amanos region, the lowermost unit is composed of metaclastics with primary clastic textures, as well as slaty cleavages and chlorite-mica stacks including volcanic rock intercalations. The Lower Cambrian is composed of mainly very low-grade metamorphic clastic rocks, while the Ordovician units have siliciclastic and carbonate rocks. In the Hazro region, the Late Silurian–Lower Triassic units are represented by highly diagenetic carbonate and clastic rocks. All of the rock units include illite. In addition, chlorite, mixed-layered illite–chlorite and chlorite–vermiculite are present in the Amanos region, while calcite, dolomite, kaolinite, mixed-layered illite–smectite (I–S) and glauconite occur in the Hazro region. The illites are characterized by the dominance of 2M₁ polytype in the Amanos samples; and 1M_d + 2M₁ in the Hazro samples. The I–S, glauconite and kaolin have R1 and R3, 1M and kaolinite polytypes, respectively. The illites have greater tetrahedral and lower octahedral substitutions than the I–S. Total trace element contents, elemental substitutions and chondrite-normalized trace element and REE values decrease toward illite–I–S–kaolinite. There are obvious fractionations for some major – trace and rare earth elements with respect to each other and clear enrichment with respect to the chondrite, with strong anomalies of positive for Gd and negative for P, K and Eu in the clay minerals. The textural, morphological and geochemical data indicate that kaolinite and I–S in the Hazro area occur in supergene conditions with due to a full neoformation mechanism, whereas illites in the Amanos region represent the hypogene origin. In brief, the K₂O contents, ratios of Eu/Eu^* and La_N/Lu_N and δ¹⁸O and δD values of I–S and illite exhibit notable relationships with increasing diagenetic/metamorphic grade.     

Numerical simulation of crack formation process in clays during drying and wetting

Clays generally crack upon drying and the cracks gradually close up because of expansion of the clays induced by rainfall infiltration. Based on the concept of air drainage ratio, we introduce an improved simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils and apply it to solve the crack formation problem. We present initial conditions, special consideration, and finite-element (FEM) formulations for simulation of cracks under axisymmetric conditions. Similar to finding solutions for sand-well consolidation problems, a prism of clays surrounded by polygonal distributed cracks is simplified as a cylinder. Numerical simulations using the FEM formulations are performed on the processes of crack occurrence, propagation, and closure during drying and wetting. To investigate the influence of air drainage ratio distribution, three different schemes are adopted for computation. It is found that the behaviour of cracks in clays during drying and wetting can be well represented using the approach proposed in the paper. The simplified consolidation theory used in the paper for unsaturated soils is more suitable for crack analysis than the general consolidation theory currently applied.