Clay-smear continuity and normal fault zone geometry – First results from excavated sandbox models

The continuity of clay-rich fault gouge has a large effect on fluid transmissibility of faults in sand–clay sequences, but clay gouge continuity and composition in 3D are not well known. We report observations of 3D clay smear continuity in water-saturated sandbox experiments where the sheared clay layers were excavated after deformation. The experiments build on existing work on the evolution of clay gouge in similar 2D experiments where interpretations were made in profile view.We used well-known model materials (“Benchmark” sand and uncemented kaolinite–sand mixtures) that were further characterized using standardized geotechnical tests and triaxial compression experiments at effective pressures corresponding to the sandbox experiments. Results show a nonlinear failure envelope of the sand, in agreement with existing models. Unconfined compression experiments with the clay show cohesion around 50 Pa and brittle behavior.A sheared, ductile clay layer embedded in sand above a 70° dipping basement fault reveals a complex, natural-looking clay gouge architecture with relay ramps, breached relays and fault lenses. The clay gouge shows clear variations in composition and thickness and becomes locally discontinuous at throw-thickness ratios above 7, in contrast to our earlier 2D observations where discontinuous clay-gouge only formed in cemented clay layers. In addition to tectonic telescoping in the relays, the thin, continuous parts of the clay gouge were transformed from an initial pure clay by mechanical mixing of sand and clay.We also discuss the applicability of these results to the evolution of normal fault zones and deformation bands in sand–clay sequences at effective pressures below the onset of cataclasis and conclude that in fault zones a higher degree of internal segmentation reduces the probability of the formation of discontinuities.     

EI二阶导数的储层参数和流体模量反演方法

储层孔隙度、泥质含量及流体类型估测是地球物理勘探的重点及难点问题.基于岩石物理理论及等效模型,可以构建油气储层反射特征与储层孔隙度、泥质含量及流体的映射关系.本文从流体替换模型出发,结合矿物平均模型,首先推导了以孔隙度、泥质含量、流体模量和密度表征的非线性反射系数及弹性阻抗公式;然后根据推导的反射系数和弹性阻抗公式,建立了一套两步法反演策略：利用部分角度叠加数据进行线性反演预测弹性阻抗体;利用预测的弹性阻抗体开展泥质含量、孔隙度、流体模量和密度等变量的非线性反演,引入弹性阻抗对于反演变量的一阶和二阶导数以提高反演的精度.最后,利用层状模型验证了新推导的反射系数方程的精度,并分别利用测井数据模型生成的含噪声合成地震记录及实际工区地震数据验证了所提出的反演方法的可靠性.

     

黄土高原中部7～2Ma期间古植被变化的分子化石证据——以赵家川剖面为例

植物叶蜡正构烷烃组分能够在地质体中长久保存,并记录历史时期植被变化的信息。本研究通过对黄土高原中部董志塬西峰地区赵家川剖面古土壤中正构烷烃组分的分析,讨论7～2Ma期间黄土高原植被变化的植物叶蜡组分变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:从7.0Ma至3.4Ma,正构烷烃C31/C27和C31/C29比值处于相对低值的波动范围,范围分别为0.5～1.9和0.6～1.3,表明该时期以木本植物占优势的生态格局;在3.4Ma前后,古土壤中保存的古植被叶蜡正构烷烃组分的C31/C27和C31/C29比值有一个明显的增加,分别从0.8变化到2.9,从0.7变化至1.6,即古生态系统中草本植物的相对比例突然增加;从3.4Ma至2.0Ma,正构烷烃C31/C27和C31/C29比值处于相对高值的波动范围,范围分别为1.7～3.3和1.1～1.6,指示该时期木本植物减少,草本植物增加的生态格局。我们推测这个生态系统的变化可能响应晚新生代3.5Ma左右的中国内陆干旱化,并形成了自此以后黄土高原塬面以草原或森林草原为主的自然生态格局。     

孟底沟水电站蚀变岩密集带综合变形模量研究

拟建雅砻江孟底沟水电站坝基花岗闪长岩体中,密集发育有单条宽度为0.5~3m的黏土化热液蚀变岩带。变形试验表明,微新花岗闪长岩的变形模量平均值高达31.50GPa,而强黏土化蚀变岩及弱黏土化蚀变岩变形模量仅分别为6.79GPa、11.10GPa,故蚀变岩密集带的存在必将对坝基岩体的变形特性产生重大影响。目前对于这种变形特性差异显著的复杂组合岩体综合变形模量尚无成熟的评价方法。因此,本文在刚性承压板变形试验及声波测试基础上,采用非线性回归法分析了岩体声波与变形模量的相关性,建立了岩体Vp-E0的相关性公式,进而采用算术平均法计算了典型蚀变岩密集带的综合变形模量,其值为18.03GPa,较微新花岗闪长岩变形模量降低了42.76%;同时,根据带内各种蚀变岩所占比例,采用加权平均法求得蚀变岩密集带综合变形模量值为19.40GPa,较微新花岗闪长岩变形模量降低了38.41%。两种方法所得的综合变形模量值相差仅为7.60%,且对比刚性承压板法所得变形模量值,前者更加安全可靠。故建议采用非线性回归法对孟底沟水电站蚀变岩密集带综合变形模量进行计算。     

The bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and clay — a comparative study

Summary Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and saturated clay are presented. One type of geogrid only was used for all the tests. On the basis of the model test results, the optimum depth and width of reinforcing layers and the optimum depth of the location of the first layer of the geogrid in sand and saturated clay were determined and compared.     

双组份裂缝岩石非线性有效应力模型研究

为认识黏土矿物和裂缝对岩石有效应力的影响,提出了双组份裂缝岩石椭圆模型.同时,将双组份裂缝岩石椭圆模型等效为共聚焦的椭圆岩石环与椭圆黏土环的叠加;基于复变函数和保角变换,分别得到了黏土环内椭圆长半轴和短半轴与压力间的关系式.进而结合椭圆孔渗透率计算式和岩石有效应力表达式,计算与分析了岩石孔隙度、黏土矿物含量、硬度比以及椭圆孔截面纵横比等参数对有效应力系数的影响.结果表明,当岩石中不含黏土矿物时,有效应力系数随纵横比的减小而增大,且小于1.0,这与Bernabé的观点一致.当岩石中含有易于压缩的黏土矿物,且纵横比为1.0（孔隙截面为圆形）时,有效应力系数随硬度比和黏土矿物含量的增大而增大,甚至远大于1.0,这与Al-Wardy等的研究结论一致;当纵横比小于1.0时,有效应力系数表现出了明显的非线性特征,随硬度比的增大而增大——甚至远大于1.0,而随黏土矿物含量的增大而减小,纵横比对有效应力系数的影响受黏土矿物含量大小的影响.易于压缩组分和裂缝的存在使得岩石有效应力系数变化特征更为复杂.

     

Distribution of clay minerals in surface sediments of the Aegean Sea: a compilation

Extensive published data sets and some new data on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments in the Aegean Sea, northeastern Mediterranean Sea, have been compiled in order to map the distribution patterns of clay mineral assemblages and to decipher source areas and transport paths. We distinguished six provinces, a Northwest Aegean Province, a Marmara-Dardanelles Province, a West Turkey Province, a Southeast Aegean Province, a Kithira Province and a Central Aegean Province. The clay mineral assemblages in the coastal and shelf areas carry the signature of the riverine sediment discharge from southeast Europe and Turkey, respectively. The southern Aegean Sea is probably influenced by the River Nile discharge and transport of clay minerals by surface currents. The clay minerals in the central Aegean Sea form a mixed assemblage comprising components of the other assemblages. A dispersion and dilution of clay minerals by surface currents is obvious.     

包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力试验研究

包气带土层能够有效滞留和吸附污染物,是阻隔污染物进入地下水的重要屏障。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行土柱淋溶试验,研究包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力,实验结果显示,包气带土层对氮素的截污性能具有明显的分段性。粘质粉土对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力,粉砂截留和防护能力相对较差。经计算粘质粉土和粉砂对再生水的净化能力分别为83.3%、29.1%。包气带土层颗粒粒径愈大,污染物浓度高,水动力条件好,包气带土层的防护能力愈差。     

Potentialité d'utilisation d'argiles marocaines de Jbel Kharrou dans l'industrie céramique

The Ordovician clays of Jbel Kharrou (Rehamna, Morocco) have been studied for their use in ceramic industry. The realised studies were carried out on two samples B1 and B2, the most representative, taken from a clay dominated formation that outcrops 25 km east of the Skhour Rehamna city. The chemical analyses, mineralogical studies and advanced technological tests undertaken on the two samples indicate that these clays can be considered as non-refractory material, so they can be used to the manufacturing of ceramic products: soil and wall tiles, sanitary, pottery, etc. The tested briquettes, cooked at 1040?°C, remain flat, without deformation or defects; they are of cream white dye. These briquettes show a high mechanical resistance to the flexion, the loss in weight remains tolerable with cooking, lightly elevated (12% ); it can be corrected by the addition of a grease-remover. To cite this article: N. El Yakoubi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

地震波及砂土特性对震陷的影响分析

本文基于Abaqus UMAT子程序开发的弹塑性边界面本构模型,建立动单剪单元试验模型和砂土三维分析模型。分析了地震特性对砂土震陷的影响,重点对地震荷载下,不同相对密度及黏粒含量的砂土震陷进行了研究。研究表明,当砂土黏粒含量小于30%时,随着黏粒含量的逐渐增加,砂土竖向应变减小;当黏粒含量大于30%时,随着黏粒含量的逐渐增加,砂土的竖向应变逐渐增大。并且震陷中的大部分竖向应变在地震最大峰值加速度时产生;对有多个较大加速度峰值的地震动,其竖向应变取决于最大加速度峰值。