The final collision of the CAOB: Constraint from the zircon U–Pb dating of the Linxi Formation, Inner Mongolia

The Linxi Formation occupies an extensive area in the eastern Inner Mongolia in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).The Linxi Formation is composed of slate,siltstone,sandstone and plant,lamellibranch microfossils in the associated strata.Major and trace element data(including REE) for sandstones from the formation indicate that these rocks have a greywacke protolith and have been deposited during a strong tectonic activity.LA-ICPMS U—Pb dating of detrital zircons yield ages of 1801 to 238 Ma for four samples from the Linxi Formation.425—585 Ma,together with the ~500 Ma age for the metamorphism event previously determined for Northeast China,indicates that their provenance is the metamorphic rocks of Pan-African age that have a tectonic affinity to NE China.A few older zircons with U-Pb ages at 1689-1801 Ma,1307-1414 Ma,593-978 Ma are also present,revealing the Neoproterozoic history of NE China.The youngest population shows a peak at ca.252 Ma,suggesting that the main deposition of the Linxi Formation was at late Permain.Moreover,the ca.250 Ma zircon grains of all four samples yield weighted mean ~(206)Pb/~(238)U ages of 250 ± 3 Ma,248 ± 3 Ma,249 ± 3 Ma,and 250 ± 2 Ma,respectively.These ages,together with the youngest zircon age in the sample ZJB-28(ca.238 Ma),suggest that the deposition of the Linxi Formation extended to the early Triassic.Combining with previous results,we suggest that the final collision of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB) in the southern of Linxi Formation,which located in the Solonker-Xra Moron-Changchun suture,and the timing for final collision should be at early Triassic.     

Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the Bidgol bauxite deposit,Zagros Mountain Belt,Iran: Implications for ore genesis,rare earth elements fractionation and parental affinity

The present study focuses on the Late Cretaceous Bidgol bauxite deposit in the Zagros Simply Fold Belt, SW Iran. The orebody is located in the eroded major NW–SE trending Koh-e-Hosseyn anticline and hosted as discontinuous stratified layers and lenses within the upper member of the Cenomanian–Turonian Sarvak Formation. Detailed mineralogical analysis reveals that diaspore, hematite, goethite, anatase, clinochlore, chamosite, and calcite are the major mineral components accompanied by minor amounts of detrital and REE-bearing minerals such as rutile, zircon and parisite. The ore texture suggest that the bauxite material has an authigenic origin but in some parts it has been transported short distances from a primary in situ environment and redeposited in karstic depressions. The spheroidal pisolites of the Bidgol bauxite formed under conditions of low water activity, favouring the formation of large diaspore cores and a single dry-to-wet climatic fluctuation. The mass change calculations relative to the immobile element Ti show that elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, K, Na and Sr are leached out of the weathered system; Al, Ni, Zr, Ga, Cr and Ba are concentrated in the residual system; and Hf, Ta, Co, Rb, Cs, Be, and U are relatively immobile during the bauxitisation processes. The Nb, Th, Y, V, Sc, Sn and ΣREE are relatively immobile in the initial stage of bauxitisation processes in the bauxite ores, but were slightly mobile at the later stage of bauxitisation. Geochemical data reveal progressive enrichment of the REE and intense LREE/HREE fractionation toward the lower parts of the bauxite profile. Cerium behaves differently from the other REEs (especially LREE) and show positive anomalies in the upper horizons that gradually become negative in the deeper parts of the profile. The distribution and fractionation of trace elements and REEs during the bauxitisation process in the Bidgol deposit are mainly controlled by the presence of REE-bearing minerals, fluctuations in soil solution pH, REE ionization potential and the presence of bicarbonates or organic matter. Geochemical analyses confirm a protolith contribution from the bedrock argillaceous limestone and suggest that the source material for the Bidgol bauxite was provided from a siliciclastic material derived from a continental margin. The mid-Turonian uplift led to the formation of karstic topography, rubbly breccia and a layer of ferruginous–argillaceous debris that was affected by lateritic weathering under humid tropical climate. Subsequently, mobile elements are removed from the profiles, while Al, Fe and Ti are enriched, resulting in the formation of the pristine bauxite materials. When the platform subsided into the water again, the pristine bauxitic materials were partly converted to bauxite. During the exposure of bauxite orebodies on the limbs and crests of anticlines and subsequent eroding and accumulation in the karstic depressions during folding and faulting in Oligocene–Miocene, important factors such as intensity of the weathering, drainage and floating flow may have improved the qualities of the bauxite ores.     

中国对“一带一路”沿线直接投资空间格局

2015年3月28日,中国政府正式发布了《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》。如何通过对"一带一路"国家和地区直接投资,提升主要产业的国际竞争力,促进中国产业转型升级,实现与沿线国家共同繁荣,已成为当前迫切需要解决的重大课题。现有对外投资理论多基于发达国家的经验,不完全适用于中国;目前的研究侧重从自然资源、市场要素等方面分析中国企业的海外投资动因及影响机制,缺少面向国家战略需求的宏观投资格局研究。本文通过集成统计数据、实地调研和高层访谈等,在回顾国内外对外直接投资研究基础上,提出中国对"一带一路"沿线直接投资空间战略的分析框架,进一步分析中国对沿线国家和地区直接投资的空间分布和产业选择;尔后,剖析投资面临的困境和挑战,并提出中国对沿线地区的空间差异化投资引导战略。     

鄂尔多斯地块深部岩石圈电性结构研究

近年来新的研究成果反应出鄂尔多斯地块岩石圈并不是一个具有深根的完整的刚性块体,尤其在鄂尔多斯北部以及河套地堑发现有大范围的下地壳-上地幔低速低阻物质,如果这一情况属实,那么人们对鄂尔多斯地块的认识将发生大的变化.为此,我们在华北克拉通西部布设了一条穿过鄂尔多斯地块、河套地堑和阴山造山带的南北向大地电磁剖面,试图通过深部电性结构的探测提供更多信息.该剖面全长约850 km,共布设54个宽频测点和17个长周期测点.二维和三维反演结果均表明：鄂尔多斯地块内部以38° N为界,南部和北部电性结构存在明显差异.鄂尔多斯地块南部地壳至上地幔150 km深度范围内整体表现为高阻,具有刚性克拉通的特征;鄂尔多斯地块北部到河套地堑之间下地壳出现低阻层,特别是鄂尔多斯北端与河套地堑接壤地段,深部存在一个规模较大的下地壳-上地幔低阻异常体,该异常体从河套地堑开始,横向上向南延伸到鄂尔多斯地块内部约200 km,纵向上从下地壳向下延伸到上地幔（约100 km深度）.根据该异常体的空间特征,参考该区地震波低速异常体的分布,我们认为鄂尔多斯北部及河套地堑中下地壳到上地幔存在热物质,其原因与深部的构造活动有关（软流圈热物质上涌、侧向流动等）,这一情况可能反映出鄂尔多斯地块北部岩石圈深部正处于被改造（或者破坏）阶段,这对进一步认识青藏高原东北缘与华北克拉通之间的深部关系具有一定的启示作用.

     

蒙古国省级行政单元投资环境评价与投资对策研究

蒙古国作为中国的邻国,两国之间的资源和产业互为补充,贸易合作前景广阔。选择最佳区位和产业来加强对蒙古国的投资,对促进中蒙俄经济走廊建设具有重大战略意义。但是目前研究较为有限,存在着投资环境不明确,投资风险未知,严重限制了对蒙投资和贸易合作。本研究团队对蒙进行了十数年科学考察研究,获得了大量一手调研数据。根据对调研数据及蒙古国区域政策的分析,本研究构建了投资环境评估模型ESE-PRT模型,从经济、社会、生态、资源、交通、政策等方面科学评估了蒙古国22个省级行政单元投资环境,划分了四类投资区,进一步揭示了优先投资区的投资优先产业及主要的投资风险,并针对蒙古国投资环境提出了相应的投资对策。本研究结果将为蒙古国重点投资区位选择、中资企业海外布局及中蒙双边经贸合作提供科学支撑,并将对中蒙俄经济走廊建设具有重要的现实促进意义。     

Polyphase deformation and garnet growth in pelitic schists of Sausar Group in Ramtek area,Maharashtra, India: A study of porphyroblast-matrix relationship

Polyphase deformation and metamorphism of pelitic schists of Chorbaoli Formation of Sausar Group in and around Ramtek area, Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India has led to the development of garnet and sataurolite porphyroblasts in a predominantly quartz-mica matrix. Microstructural study of oriented thin sections of these rocks shows that garnet and staurolite have different growth histories and these porphyroblasts share a complex relationship with the matrix. Garnet shows at least two phases of growth — first intertectonic between D₁ and D₂ (pre-D₂ phase) and then syn-tectonic to post-tectonic with respect to D₂ deformation. Growth of later phase of garnet on the earlier (pre-D₂) garnet grains has led to the discordance of quartz inclusion trails between core and rim portion of the same garnet grain. Staurolite develops only syn-D₂ and shows close association with garnet of the later phase. The peak metamorphic temperature thus coincided with D₂ deformation, which developed the dominant crenulation schistosity (S₂), regionally persistent in the terrain. The metamorphic grade reached up to middle amphibolite facies in the study area, which is higher than the adjoining southern parts of Sausar Fold Belt.     

滇西凤庆习谦泥盆系温泉组地层新认识

昌宁—孟连结合带是地质学研究的热点地区,泥盆系温泉组对研究其构造背景及地质演化意义重大。习谦温泉组以黑云石英片岩、云母片岩和浅变质砂岩为主,夹少量千糜岩、变粒岩、硅质岩、含构造角砾的千枚质碎裂岩、碳质板岩等,原岩恢复后为石英砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质(泥)页岩、含碳质层,夹薄层硅质岩组合。野外研究及选取其中6件样品进行岩相学、岩石地球化学分析、构造背景分析及原岩恢复剖面对比研究,认为其可对比泥盆系温泉组。印支期习谦地区温泉组地层存在浅变质改造作用;原岩沉积于洋盆初始化阶段被动大陆边缘大陆斜坡—半深海环境;与西侧更戛向阳寺组地层沉积物源一致,环境不同,沉积时水位体系交替变化。     

基于陆路交通的丝绸之路经济带可达性与城市空间联系

对丝绸之路经济带交通网络及城市空间联系进行分析是实施丝绸之路经济带战略和推进沿线区域合作共赢的基础工作。本文基于GIS空间分析技术,研究了丝绸之路经济带栅格可达性空间格局,并依托陆路交通网络进行了城市空间联系状态模拟。结果显示:丝绸之路经济带内城市可达性空间分布呈现出集聚分布的特点,具有明显的"走廊"空间特征。城市节点平均可达性时间为16.25 h,可达性在2 h以内的区域仅占全区总面积的10.60%,可达性最差的区域大都为荒漠地区,最差可达性高达171 h;西安作为门户城市,承担了中国西北五省与丝绸之路经济带有关国家、地区和城市之间的联系。中亚国家内部及其与外部国家城市之间的空间联系较为薄弱;丝绸之路经济带正在发育形成4条轴线,在未来丝绸之路经济带战略推进过程中,应实施"点—轴"带动,协同推进重点发展走廊和中心城市培育工作。     

Regional oxygen isotope systematics of felsic volcanics; a potential exploration tool for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Regional oxygen isotopic sytematics have been performed mainly on the felsic volcanic footwall rocks of the orebodies but also on purple schist characteristic of the hanging wall series, around two giant VMS deposits in the Spanish Iberian Pyrite Belt, Riotinto and La Zarza. As the terranes of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, these two giant deposits have been affected by the Hercynian tectono-metamorphic events, strongly modifying their geometry. About 60 and 40 samples were collected over a 10×4 km² area at Riotinto and a 3×2 km² area at La Zarza, respectively. Whole-rock powders were analysed for oxygen by CO₂-laser fluorination. At both sites, a same type of low-δ¹⁸O anomaly down to +3.6‰, well differentiated from the regional background (up to 20‰), was identified near the orebodies. The lowest δ¹⁸O values (+4 to +11‰) correspond to the chlorite hydrothermal halo, essentially restricted to the feeder zones of the orebody. Intermediate δ¹⁸O values (+9 to +15‰) correspond to the sericite hydrothermal halo, mostly developed laterally to the orebody until 0.5–1 km. The regional background (+16 to +20‰) is represented by spilitised volcanic rocks. A same kind of low anomaly, but with less contrast, was defined in purple schist in the immediate hanging wall of the orebodies. All these results demonstrate that, despite high geometrical modifications of the orebodies related to the Hercynian tectonics, oxygen isotopic anomalies recorded by volcanic host rocks during the emplacement of the mineralising hydrothermal systems are still identified. This strongly suggests that oxygen isotopic systematics could be useful to identify target areas in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, as already demonstrated on other VMS targets in the world.     

Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating of gneissic basement of the Dom Feliciano Belt, southernmost Brazil

The age of a basement gneiss of the Dom Feliciano Belt along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul has been determined by zircon U–Pb SHRIMP to be about 2.08 Ga for the K-granitic magmatism and 800–590 Ma for the associated low-angle and sub-vertical shear zone deformations. The gneiss is the G3 granitic phase of the Arroio dos Ratos Complex of previous authors, and it now defines a geotectonic environment of juvenile accretion of island arcs in the Paleoproterozoic. The superposition of deformation events during the Neoproterozoic precludes the precise determination of the age of each event in this investigation, but we suggest that the collisional low-angle shear zones occurred at ca. 800 Ma and the sub-vertical shear zones at ca. 600 Ma. Th/U ratios are typically magmatic (about 0.4) in the homogeneous cores of zircons (about 2000 Ma), but are metamorphic (0.01) in the zoned euhedral rims (about 590 Ma).All the Paleoproterozoic gneisses in the region are part of the Encantadas Complex. Archean units, such as the Santa Maria Chico granulites, were all deformed in this major event of the Transamazonian Cycle. The dated gneiss may be correlative with the Epupa Complex north and south of the Kaoko Belt of SW Africa. Ages of the Neoproterozoic deformation are younger in the Kaoko Belt of Namibia than in its Brazilian counterpart.