孔兹岩带古元古代中期构造背景：来自卓资地区～2.2Ga紫苏碱长花岗岩的证据

麻粒岩-紫苏花岗岩杂岩在华北克拉通孔兹岩带内分布较广但研究程度较低,本文对孔兹岩带东部卓资地区大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩进行了详细的岩相学、地球化学和地质年代学研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因及构造背景,为孔兹岩带构造演化及孔兹岩系沉积环境提供约束。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩形成于古元古代中期(～2.2Ga),并经历了古元古代晚期构造热事件及～1.89Ga变质作用叠加改造。岩石具有铁质、钙碱性至碱钙性、准铝质至弱过铝质特征,具有较高SiO₂、Na₂O+K₂O、Ga、Zr含量及FeO~T/(FeO~T+MgO)值,低Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、 Sr、Cr含量及较高的全岩锆石饱和温度(835～887℃,平均860℃),与A型花岗岩指标相近。样品呈现平坦的右倾型稀土元素配分模式和弱的负Eu异常,富集K、Rb、Ba、Zr、Hf,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti。综合研究表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩是在弧后伸展背景下幔源岩浆上涌导致英云闪长质、花岗闪长质地壳岩石部分熔...     

中亚造山带东南部晚古生代-早中生代地壳增生和古亚洲洋演化:来自内蒙古东南部林西-东乌旗地区岩浆岩的证据SCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文在系统收集内蒙古林西-东乌旗地区晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩的年代学、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素资料基础上,通过分析岩浆岩岩石组合随时空的变化规律,并结合区域地质资料,探讨了中亚造山带东南部洋盆演化和地壳增生等重要地质问题。研究结果表明,二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带南、北两侧晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩在年代学上显示不同的活动期次,具有不同岩石组合和地球化学特征,指示它们分属于不同的构造岩浆岩带。蛇绿岩带以北晚泥盆世-中二叠世岩浆活动在时间上呈连续分布的特征,并在晚石炭-早二叠世时期达到活动峰值。火成岩构造组合分析表明,晚泥盆世-石炭纪和早-中二叠世岩浆活动分别与二连浩特-贺根山洋盆向乌里雅斯太大陆边缘之下的俯冲和洋盆闭合后俯冲板片断离引起的软流圈上涌造成的区域伸展背景有关。蛇绿岩带以南岩浆活动时间上呈现石炭纪、早-中二叠世、晚二叠世-三叠纪幕式分布特征,各期岩浆活动前锋有随时间向南迁移的趋势。这三期岩浆活动分别与古亚洲洋板片向宝力道岛弧之下的俯冲、板片后撤以及洋盆消失之后古板块的碰撞造山作用有关。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,中亚造山带东南部晚古生代至早中生代时期存在显著的地壳增生;其中二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带以北表现为地壳的垂向增生,以南表现为地壳的侧向增生。     

额尔齐斯碰撞带东段结构与形成时代

阿尔泰地体与萨吾尔岛弧之间的额尔齐斯碰撞带其结构与形成时代是中亚造山带构造演化研究的热点问题之一。本文报道了额尔齐斯碰撞带东段结构与形成时代的研究结果。新的结果显示:额尔齐斯碰撞带东段由4个走向NWNNW陡立的韧性变形带组成,剖面上呈扇状挤压变形的结构;这4个韧性变形带的应变类型为收缩应变与平面应变;片理带的变形从宏观到微观都表现出对称的结构,不同变形带不同地段可具变化的流动方向而表现出"奶油饼结构",其可能整体形成于共轴挤压机制;玉勒肯与老山口韧性变形带花岗闪长质糜棱岩、花岗闪长质超糜棱岩中变质重结晶锆石U-Pb定年结果显示韧性变形时间约为360Ma。这可能意味着早石炭世时卡拉先格尔地区已进入碰撞阶段,即萨吾尔岛弧与阿尔泰地体间在360Ma时已发生碰撞。     

秦岭-大别-苏鲁印支造山带连接枢纽的形成时代——来自宁陕断裂带同构造花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学的限定

最新的研究表明,南秦岭勉略缝合带可以经宁陕左行走滑断裂带与大别苏鲁的高压/超高压变质带相连。对于这个模型,两带间的"连接枢纽"—宁陕走滑断层的活动时间是关键问题之一。研究显示宁陕断裂带是南秦岭中的一条走向近E-W的走滑剪切带,早期为左行韧性剪切变形,晚期叠加了左行脆性剪切变形。对带内千糜岩化石英片岩中的两期同构造花岗岩脉的构造地质学、岩石学和锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素研究,获得早期面理化细粒花岗岩的年龄为214.4±1.1Ma(MSWD=1.3),εHf(t)主要集中在-8.58~-0.29之间,tDM2=2.45~1.62Ga;晚期钾长花岗岩脉的年龄212.8±1.6Ma(MSWD=2.1),εHf(t)=-5.79~2.07,tDM2=2.53~1.49Ga。同位素数据表明两期花岗岩脉具有相同的岩浆源区,是古老地壳物质的再循环;晚期钾长花岗岩脉是早期花岗岩演化的产物。两期同构造花岗岩脉年龄的确定,表明宁陕左行走滑断层至少从晚三叠世中期之前就已经开始活动,而不是前人认为的早-中侏罗世或晚三叠末。尤其是宁陕左行走滑断裂带与勉略缝合带具有相同的左行韧性走滑叠加晚期脆性走滑的构造样式和活动时间,表明二者的形成可能都与古特提斯洋的斜向俯冲或者扬子板块的顺时针旋转有关。本研究成果为南秦岭的"古特提斯洋缝合带"——勉略缝合带向东经宁陕断裂带与大陆俯冲和深俯冲形成的耀岭河-桐柏-大别-苏鲁高压/超高压变质带相接提供了关键的年代学证据。     

西准噶尔蛇绿混杂岩中洋岛玄武岩研究新进展

洋岛玄武岩(OIB)起源研究是当代固体地球岩石学及地球化学最基本问题之一,通常被认为源于地幔柱。西准噶尔位于中亚造山带的西南缘,该地区发育多条蛇绿混杂岩带,主要包括唐巴勒、玛依勒、达尔布特及克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩带,它们组成相似,主要为蛇纹岩、蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、铬铁矿、辉石岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩(拉斑质和碱性)、硅质岩及斜长花岗岩。随着研究的不断深入,在西准噶尔蛇绿混杂岩带中不断有不同时代OIB被识别。这些玄武岩属于碱性玄武岩系列,具有高TiO2和FeOt,低MgO,强烈富集轻稀土元素特征,没有明显Nb、Ta负异常,与日喀则及夏威夷洋岛玄武岩地球化学特征极为相似,可能形成于大洋板内的海山或洋底高原,认为其成因与地幔柱相关,表明在西准噶尔(洋)的演化过程中,不仅是洋内俯冲系统,还伴有地幔柱活动。结合前人研究,认为中亚造山带可能是洋内俯冲+地幔柱复合的演化模型。同时,对中亚造山带中的OIB及OIB型玄武岩形成时代进行系统总结发现,它们不仅时代宽度大,并且具有连续发育的特点。对正确认识地幔柱活动在显生宙中亚造山带地壳增生过程中的贡献提供新的资料和证据。     

Continental growth and reworking on the edge of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents; 1.86–0.9 Ga accretionary orogeny in southwest Fennoscandia

Geological history from the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic is dominated by the formation of the supercontinent Columbia, and its break-up and re-amalgamation into the next supercontinent, Rodinia. On a global scale, major orogenic events have been tied to the formation of either of these supercontinents, and records of extension are commonly linked to break-up events. Presented here is a synopsis of the geological evolution of southwest Fennoscandia during the ca. 1.9–0.9 Ga period. This region records a protracted history of continental growth and reworking in a long-lived accretionary orogen. Three major periods of continental growth are defined by the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (1.86–1.66 Ga), Gothian (1.66–1.52 Ga), and Telemarkian (1.52–1.48 Ga) domains. The 1.47–1.38 Ga Hallandian–Danopolonian period featured reorganization of the subduction zone and over-riding plates, with limited evidence for continental collision. During the subsequent 1.38–1.15 Ga interval, the region is interpreted as being located inboard of a convergent margin that is not preserved today and hosted magmatism and sedimentation related to inboard extensional events. The 1.15–0.9 Ga period is host to Sveconorwegian orogenesis that marks the end of this long-lived accretionary orogen and features significant crustal deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism. Collision of an indenter, typically Amazonia, is commonly inferred for the cause of widespread Sveconorwegian orogenesis, but this remains inconclusive. An alternative is that orogenesis merely represents subduction, terrane accretion, crustal thickening, and burial and exhumation of continental crust, along an accretionary margin. During the Mesoproterozoic, southwest Fennoscandia was part of a much larger accretionary orogen that grew on the edge of the Columbia supercontinent and included Laurentia and Amazonia amongst other cratons. The chain of convergent margins along the western Pacific is the best analogue for this setting of Proterozoic crustal growth and tectonism.     

Discovery of a binary Centaur

We have identified a binary companion to (42355) 2002 CR₄₆ in our ongoing deep survey using the Hubble Space Telescope's High Resolution Camera. It is the first companion to be found around an object in a non-resonant orbit that crosses the orbits of giant planets. Objects in orbits of this kind, the Centaurs, have experienced repeated strong scattering with one or more giant planets and therefore the survival of binaries in this transient population has been in question. Monte Carlo simulations suggest, however, that binaries in (42355) 2002 CR₄₆-like heliocentric orbits have a high probability of survival for reasonable estimates of the binary's still-unknown system mass and separation. Because Centaurs are thought to be precursors to short period comets, the question of the existence of binary comets naturally arises; none has yet been definitively identified. The discovery of one binary in a sample of eight observed by HST suggests that binaries in this population may not be uncommon.     

Evolution of regional metamorphism in the Cape Smith Thrust Belt (northern Quebec, Canada): interaction of tectonic and thermal processes

Abstract Syn-metamorphic re-imbrication of the internal part of thrust belts can result in distinct pressure–temperature–time–deformation ( P–T–t–d ) pathways for different structural–metamorphic domains. In the early Proterozoic Cape Smith Thrust Belt (Canada), an external (piggyback-sequence thrusting) domain is characterized by thermal peak metamorphism occurring after deformation. In contrast, thermal peak metamorphism in an internal domain occurred during re-imbrication by out-of-sequence thrusting. The interactions of tectonic and thermal processes have been studied using three methods: (i) qualitative evaluation of the timing between mineral growth and deformation; (ii) analytical P–T paths from growth-zoned garnet porphyroblasts; and (iii) numerical modelling of vertical heat conduction. Derived P–T–t–d pathways suggest that uplift in the external domain resulted in part from erosion and isostatic unloading. In contrast, paths for the internal domain indicate that the out-of-sequence portion of the thrust belt may have experienced faster unroofing relative to the external domain. This is attributed to thickening by out-of-sequence thrusting and possibly to extensional faulting at (now eroded) higher structural levels. Observations on the timing of metamorphism, coupled with numerical modelling, suggest that the thermal peak metamorphism documented in the external domain is a consequence of the emplacement of the out-of-sequence thrusts stack in the internal portion of the thrust belt.     

The eruptive history of the Tequila volcanic field, western Mexico: ages, volumes, and relative proportions of lava types

The eruptive history of the Tequila volcanic field (1600 km²) in the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar chronology and volume estimates for eruptive units younger than 1 Ma. Ages are reported for 49 volcanic units, including Volcán Tequila (an andesitic stratovolcano) and peripheral domes, flows, and scoria cones. Volumes of volcanic units 1 Ma were obtained with the aid of field mapping, ortho aerial photographs, digital elevation models (DEMs), and ArcGIS software. Between 1120 and 200 kyrs ago, a bimodal distribution of rhyolite (~35 km³) and high-Ti basalt (~39 km³) dominated the volcanic field. Between 685 and 225 kyrs ago, less than 3 km³ of andesite and dacite erupted from more than 15 isolated vents; these lavas are crystal-poor and show little evidence of storage in an upper crustal chamber. Approximately 200 kyr ago, ~31 km³ of andesite erupted to form the stratocone of Volcán Tequila. The phenocryst assemblage of these lavas suggests storage within a chamber at ~2–3 km depth. After a hiatus of ~110 kyrs, ~15 km³ of andesite erupted along the W and SE flanks of Volcán Tequila at ~90 ka, most likely from a second, discrete magma chamber located at ~5–6 km depth. The youngest volcanic feature (~60 ka) is the small andesitic volcano Cerro Tomasillo (~2 km³). Over the last 1 Myr, a total of 128±22 km³ of lava erupted in the Tequila volcanic field, leading to an average eruption rate of ~0.13 km³/kyr. This volume erupted over ~1600 km², leading to an average lava accumulation rate of ~8 cm/kyr. The relative proportions of lava types are ~22–43% basalt, ~0.4–1% basaltic andesite, ~29–54% andesite, ~2–3% dacite, and ~18–40% rhyolite. On the basis of eruptive sequence, proportions of lava types, phenocryst assemblages, textures, and chemical composition, the lavas do not reflect the differentiation of a single (or only a few) parental liquids in a long-lived magma chamber. The rhyolites are geochemically diverse and were likely formed by episodic partial melting of upper crustal rocks in response to emplacement of basalts. There are no examples of mingled rhyolitic and basaltic magmas. Whatever mechanism is invoked to explain the generation of andesite at the Tequila volcanic field, it must be consistent with a dominantly bimodal distribution of high-Ti basalt and rhyolite for an 800 kyr interval beginning ~1 Ma, which abruptly switched to punctuated bursts of predominantly andesitic volcanism over the last 200 kyrs.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Editorial responsility: J. Donnelly-NolanThis revised version was published online in January 2005 with corrections to Tables 1 and 3.An erratum to this article can be found at