艾比湖水体中氯离子测定方法分析

提出用氯离子选择电极测定艾比湖水体中氯离子含量的方法,并研究了测定条件。标准曲线在1.0×10-1～1.0×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率为95.6%～103%,RSD为1.51%～4.34%,结果表明该方法简便、快速、准确。     

乌兰布和沙漠降水入渗补给对气候变化的响应

为探究地下水补给对气候变化的响应,以乌兰布和沙漠为例,基于氯质量平衡法,通过野外打钻和室内离子分析,重建区域地下水补给历史和短时间尺度的气候变化过程。结果表明：降水对沙漠地区的地下水补给非常小,对比周边地区记录发现,地下水补给呈现出由西向东逐渐增大的趋势,且一定程度上反映出贺兰山对季风气流的阻挡作用,在相关季风较弱年份,贺兰山西侧降水补给弱于东侧。过去600年来本地区的气候波动大,1455-1500 AD、1600-1650 AD是气候较为干旱的时期,18世纪末至19世纪初是环境演化一个重要的时间界限,自此以后的漫长时间,干旱化进程进一步加剧,尤其是1920-1930 AD,区域极端干旱。本研究也验证了处于季风边缘沙漠地区降水入渗补给对气候变化所呈现出的响应差异。     

盐纺Ca^2＋和Cl^-离子水化异常映震特征研究

通过对盐纺Ca^2＋、Cl^-离子观测值进行月均值及方差值分析处理,认为盐纺水化点Ca^2＋、Cl^-离子的月均值及其方差值曲线有较好的映震效果,其异常变化与区域内成组中等地震活动关系密切,并就盐纺水化点Ca^2＋、C^l-离子的动态异常与区域地震活动之间的可能关系进行探讨。     

On Rates and Acceleration Trends of Global Glacier Mass Changes

Worldwide glacier mass changes are considered to represent natural key variables within global climate-related monitoring programmes, especially with respect to strategies concerning early detection of enhanced greenhouse effects on climate. This is due to the fact that glacier mass changes provide important quantitative information on rates of change, acceleration tendencies and pre-industrial variability relating to energy exchange at the earth/athmosphere interface. During the coming decades, excess radiation income and sensible heat (a few watts per square metre) as calculated with numerical climate models are both estimated to increase by a factor of about two to four as compared to the mean of the 20th century. The rate of average annual mass loss (a few decimetres per year) measured today on mountain glaciers in various parts of the world now appears to accelerate accordingly, even though detailed interpretation of the complex processes involved remains difficult. Within the framework of secular glacier retreat and Holocene glacier fluctuations, similar rates of change and acceleration must have taken place before, i.e. during times of weak anthropogenic forcing. However, the anthropogenic influences on the atmosphere could now and for the first time represent a major contributing factor to the observed glacier shrinkage at a global scale. Problems with such assessments mainly concern aspects of statistical averaging, regional climate variability, strong differences in glacier sensitivity and relations between mass balance and cumulative glacier length change over decadal to secular time scales. Considerable progress has recently been achieved in these fields of research.     

A description of chloride cell and kidney tubule alterations in the flatfish Solea senegalensis exposed to moderately contaminated sediments from the Sado estuary (Portugal)

The effects of sediment-bound contaminants on kidney and gill chloride cells were surveyed in juvenile Solea senegalensis exposed to fresh sediments collected from three distinct sites of the Sado Estuary (Portugal) in a 28-day laboratorial assay. Sediments were analyzed for metallic contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines as well as for total organic matter, redox potential and fine fraction. The potential for causing adverse biological effects of each surveyed sediment was assessed by comparison of contaminant levels to available guidelines for coastal sediments, namely the Threshold Effects Level (TEL) and the Probable Effects Level (PEL). The Sediment Quality Guideline Quotient indices (SQGQ) were calculated to compare the overall contamination levels of the three stations. A qualitative approach was employed to analyze the histo/cytopathological traits in gill chloride cells and body kidney of fish exposed to each tested sediment for 0, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that sediment contamination can be considered low to moderate and that the least contaminated sediment (from a reference site, with the lowest SQGQ) caused lesser changes in the surveyed organs. However, the most contaminated sediment (by both metallic and organic xenobiotics, with highest SQGQ) was neither responsible for the highest mortality nor for the most pronounced lesions. Exposure to the sediment presenting an intermediate SQGQ, essentially contaminated by organic compounds, caused the highest mortality (48%) and the most severe damage to kidneys, up to full renal necrosis. Chloride cell alterations were similar in fish exposed to the two most contaminated sediments and consisted of a pronounced cellular hypertrophy, likely involving fluid retention and loss of mitochondria. It can be concluded that sediment contamination considered to be low or moderate may be responsible for severe injury to cells and parenchyma involved in the maintenance of osmotic balance, contributing for the high mortality levels observed. The results suggest that sediment-bound organic contaminants such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) may be very toxic to the analyzed organs, especially the kidney, even when present in low-risk concentrations.     

乍得湖盆地典型区域降雨入渗补给地下水试验

针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。     

Last glacial maximum equilibrium-line altitude and paleo-temperature reconstructions for the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuelan Andes

The pattern and magnitude of glacier equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) lowerings in the tropics during the last glacial maximum (LGM) are topics of current debate. In the northern tropics, paleo-ELA data are particularly limited, inhibiting the ability to make regional and large-scale paleoclimatic inferences. To improve these records, nine paleo-glaciers in the Venezuelan Andes were reconstructed based on field observations, aerial photographs, satellite imagery and high-resolution digital topographic data. Paleo-glacier equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) were estimated using the accumulation-area ratio (AAR) and the area-altitude balance ratio (AABR) methods. During the local LGM in Venezuela (∼ 22,750 to 19,960 cal yr BP), ELAs were ∼ 850 to 1420 m lower than present. Local LGM temperatures were are at least 8.8 ± 2°C cooler than today based on a combined energy and mass-balance equation to account for an ELA lowering. This is greater than estimates using an atmospheric lapse rate calculation, which yields a value of 6.4 ± 1°C cooler. The paleo-glacial data from the Venezuelan Andes support other published records that indicate the northern tropics experienced a greater ELA lowering and possibly a greater cooling than the Southern Hemisphere tropics during the LGM.     

干湿循环对混凝土在高浓度卤水中氯离子扩散行为的影响

在高浓度盐湖卤水中,采用自然扩散法进行了混凝土的III维氯离子扩散实验,研究了普通混凝土(Ordinary Portland cement concrete,OPC)、高强混凝土(High strength concrete,HSC)、高性能混凝土(High performance concrete,HPC)、钢纤维增强高性能混凝土(Steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete,SFRHPC)和高强高模聚乙烯纤维增强高性能混凝土(High elasticity module Polyethylene fiber reinforced high performance concrete,HEMPFRHPC)的氯离子扩散行为,探讨了干湿循环对混凝土氯离子扩散行为的影响。结果表明,干湿循环作用加快了OPC、HSC和HPC的氯离子扩散速度,而且毛细管作用对OPC、HSC、HPC和SFRHPC的氯离子扩散行为有一定程度的影响,从而导致混凝土表面氯离子浓度的富集现象更加明显。进一步研究发现,干湿循环降低了OPC的表观氯离子扩散系数,但是对HSC、MPC和HEMPFRHPC的表观氯离子扩散系数则没有明显的影响。     

On the Problem of Sample Preservation by Freezing

During routine analysis of running water samples differences of the analytical results of water‐soluble anions were observed between analysis carried out immediately after sampling and after storage of the cooled/frozen sample. This phenomenon was investigated for some years with the “model ion” chloride. A high number of samples (ca. 210) were analysed over three years with different analytical methods, and by alteration of the sample containers the discrete physical influence of the wall effect of the sample vessel could be worked out definitely. No significant differences occur with the mean value of the year but the single values have high differences in the positive or negative direction. Assuming a similar behaviour of other water constituents when preserved by freezing the analytical values had to be looked at very critically.     

浅谈粉碎洗涤盐生产中的技术改造

对粉碎洗涤盐的技改过程、技改方向进行了总结并列举大量实验数据 ,说明技改前后粉洗盐质量变化及成功经验。同时对粉洗盐粒度存在的问题进行了分析并提出建议