黄河中游降雨特性对泥沙粒径的影响

以黄河中游36个有泥沙粒径资料的水文测站流域为样本，在不同自然地理类型流域划分的基础上，建立了流域泥沙粒径特片与降雨特性的关系。结果表明，在不同类型流域，流域泥沙的粗细与降雨季节性变率和年际变率之间存在着相当好的线性正相关关系；而与年降雨量和降雨不均匀系数之间呈明显的非线性关系。流域地面物质、植被和地貌发育程序等下垫面环境因素对泥沙粒径特性与降雨特性之间关系起着十分重要的控制作用。不同类型流域曲线的斜率各不相同，在图中所处的位置也不相同。     

Immature Oils in China and Their Genetic Mechanisms

Immature crude oils are a kind of unconventional petroleum resources. They are generated through early low-temperature biochemical/chemical reactions of some specific organic matter. Their geological reserves explored are as high as several hundred million tons in China. Based on a detailed organic geochemical study, five genetic mechanisms of immature oils have been proposed in this paper for early hydrocarbon generation from suberinite, resinite, bacteria-reworked terrestrial organic matter, biolipids and sulphur-rich macromolecules respectively.     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

华南地区港口体系与功能分化对海南洋浦 自贸港建设的启示

中国华南沿海地区地处海上丝绸之路的必经之地,其周边港口的航运网络及其临港产业的建设对推进跨区域的社会文化活动和经济合作具有重要意义。通过对比分析海南洋浦港与中国华南地区9个典型港口的航运网络特征及其临港区产业类型可以发现：（1）洋浦港目前的集装箱吞吐量及其市场占有率还比较少,2020年集装箱吞吐量为101.93万TEU,仅占整个华南地区10个典型港口比重的1.25%,并且仅与地区内的钦州港、新加坡港、胡志明港有较高航运频次。洋浦港在航线布局上,亟待向香港港、广州港和深圳港靠齐,提升中国在环南海区域的“近洋”布局并不断推动洲际“远洋”航线地开通;（2）洋浦港临港区域企业数量由2005年的326个增加至1461个,在区域港口中总占比由2005年0.18%提升至2015年0.47%。但各企业分布密度均较其他港区小。其中直接涉海的海运装卸业与跨境物流产业数量都较少;依存产业建设方面目前主要依托于渔业的发展,其他船舶制造业、建筑工程业也较少;与港务相关的服务业中,洋浦港提供的服务类型也较少,主要集中为零售业,缺少海运保险和海洋金融等服务业类型。因此,海南港口在高质量发展的新常态下,需要从业务“多元化”向区域“基地化”实现转型发展,即要注重与华南地区典型港口之间的相互“交流”以及港口与临港区产业经济活动之间的互动,逐步形成优势互补、分工合理、相互协作、竞争有序的沿海港口群体。     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

安徽省自然资源开发优势及其利用途径

本文概要介绍安徽省自然资源开发的经济环境条件,重点论述农、林、牧、水产及土特产品和矿产、旅游等资源优势。最后提出安徽省自然资源开发利用中的交通布局,建立能源、水产、名、特、优产品等商品基地的初步设想。     

天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征

综合利用多源遥感影像和实地勘察资料识别天山北坡高山林线分布格局,结合区域气象数据和土壤理化性质,分析天山北坡林线分布的生态地理特征。结果表明:①天山北坡林线分布高度大约在2 600～2 850 m,从西向东林线分布高度呈上升趋势,奇台至巴里坤段林线高度上升最为显著;伊犁河谷段与玛纳斯段林线垂直宽度较宽。②影响天山北坡林线分布高度的关键气候因子为生长季温度（如年生物学温度3.35 ℃,最热月均温10.49 ℃,生长季均温8.26 ℃）,特别是年生物学温度,能较好的指示天山北坡高山林线分布位置,且各气候指标均在全国均值范围之内,而影响巴音布鲁克地区森林发育的主要原因为冬季低温干旱。③伊犁林线过渡带和玛纳斯林线过渡带有机质、全氮及全磷的含量最高;酸碱性大致以阜康林线为界,向西呈酸性,向东呈碱性;土壤营养物质主要分布于表层（0～10 cm）,深层(30～80 cm)含量低且变化不显著,具有明显的“表聚现象”;下层土壤pH值从西向东逐渐由弱酸性向弱碱性过渡;电导率空间变异性较强,各层变化特征不显著。     

清末耕地空间分布格局重建方法比较

揭示历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化是认识人类活动对气候和环境影响的基础。本文在耕地面积、人口数量、土地利用及森林分布等多源数据基础上,分别以近代耕地空间分布格局和历史时期耕地潜在分布区为边界条件,通过构建耕地垦殖倾向指数模型分配耕地面积,在1 km×1 km象元尺度上重建了清末(1908年)松嫩平原耕地空间格局,并对重建结果进行分析比较。结果表明:1两种方法重建的耕地空间分布范围格局基本一致,耕地空间定位吻合率约为68%。清末(1908年)耕地集中分布在松嫩平原东部和南部地区;2以历史时期耕地潜在分布为边界条件的重建结果,较以近代耕地空间分布格局为限制范围的重建结果更准确,更符合历史事实。     

标度律视角的城市效能测度及中国城市多维要素效能分析

"城市标度律"(urban scaling laws)揭示了城市系统中城市人口和城市要素间普遍存在的非线性规模缩放关系,但目前大多数城市评价忽视了这种关系,常使用人均指标比较不同规模的城市,这会导致评价结果偏差.为此,考虑城市人口和城市要素间的非线性规模缩放关系构建了要素效能指数,用以修正城市规模的影响,度量城市要素实...     

铜陵天马山硫金矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及矿石硫同位素地球化学研究

天马山硫金矿是铜陵矿集区典型的层控热液叠加改造型矿床,层状矿体中发育大量的矽卡岩矿物。为查明该矿床中矽卡岩矿物的类型及形成环境,探讨矽卡岩与硫、金成矿之间的关系,对主要的矽卡岩矿物开展了矿物学及矿物化学研究,并对矿石进行了硫同位素地球化学研究。研究表明:矿区内的矽卡岩矿物以石榴子石和辉石为主,其中石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固熔体系列(Gro0~18.73And80.54~99.00Spe+Pyr+Alm0.54~1.47);辉石以透辉石为主,其次为钙铁辉石,属于透辉石-钙铁辉石系列(Di62.35~97.65Hd1.89~36.27Jo0.31~1.55)。天马山硫金矿的矿物组合(钙铁辉石+透辉石)属于氧化型矽卡岩,表明矽卡岩形成于相对高温和高氧逸度的条件。石榴子石和辉石端元组分特征及辉石Mn/Fe值(0.02~0.07)具有典型的矽卡岩型铜、金矿床特征。矿石硫同位素具有岩浆源的特征,与区内燕山期岩浆-成矿作用形成的矿石一致,而明显区别于喷流-沉积作用形成的矿石,显示成矿作用与燕山期岩浆活动具有密切的成因联系。燕山期中酸性岩浆交代碳酸盐岩围岩形成大量矽卡岩,矽卡岩矿物的形成增加了岩石的孔隙度和渗透率,为晚期硫、金矿床的形成提供了有利条件。