水文地质调查与物探结合在石灰岩地区找水定井的应用

根据水文地质调查确定物探靶区,采用激发极化四极电测深法进行物探确定井位。实践证明,水文地质调查和物探联合定井在缺水地区寻找深层地下水方面有较强的推广利用价值。     

高层建筑群平面布局类型对室外风环境影响的对比研究

现有城市热环境研究关注于城市尺度范围内城市形态,未充分考虑小尺度区域内、非匀质分布的建筑群布局形态对热环境,尤其是室外风环境的影响。以6幢方形截面高层建筑组成的建筑群的周围风环境为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法进行对比、分析,对比6种布局形式的建筑群的室外人行高度(1.5 m)处的风速比和风向分布,得出风环境优劣状况与平面布局之间的关系,为城市建设、高层建筑布局规划提供参考与评价依据。     

扩底抗拔桩桩端阻力的群桩效应研究

通过颗粒流数值模拟,从桩端阻力随上拔位移的发展与桩端周围土体颗粒位移表现等角度,研究了扩底抗拔桩端阻力的群桩效应问题。研究比较了单桩（墩）与群桩（墩）的抗拔性状以及不同墩距下中心墩与边墩阻力随上拔位移发展的情况。研究表明,在归一化上拔量 0.1时,单桩（墩）与群桩（墩）的上拔特性无明显差别;此后,随着上拔位移的发展,单桩（墩）的上拔端阻力要大于群桩中的桩（墩）的端阻力,桩（墩）周围土体颗粒的相互影响开始显现。在归一化上拔量 0.5的情况下,群桩（墩）中中心桩（墩）的端阻力要略大于边桩（墩）。在归一化上拔量 0.5的情况下,群桩中边桩的桩端阻力较中心桩的要大,而群墩中边墩的墩端阻力较中心墩要小,体现了桩身侧限对抗拔桩群中端阻力发挥的影响。随着墩距的增大,在较大的位移量以后群墩才与单墩的受力有显著差别。     

考虑桩身压缩的综合系数法计算超长桩基础沉降

实测表明,超长桩基础的桩身压缩量占总沉降量很大比例,因此,等代墩基法刚性体的假定不符合实际,需要一种考虑桩身压缩量的方法来计算超长桩基础沉降。通过对现有超长桩实测数据的分析,得到了嵌岩桩桩身压缩系数拟合方程,同时得出了非嵌岩桩桩身压缩系数约为0.5;推出桩侧沉降比和桩端沉降比,并编制了Matlab计算程序。最后通过工程实例计算考虑桩身压缩的超长桩基础沉降,计算结果与实测结果相吻合。     

中国大陆下扬子及邻区地壳结构基本特征:深地震测深研究综述

系统回顾了20世纪70年代以来在中国大陆下扬子及其邻区开展的深地震测深工程,总结了相关宽角反射/折射地震资料的波组特征及地壳结构的基本特征。下扬子及邻区深地震测深资料普遍具有较清晰的初至震波Pg、上地壳底界面反射波P1、中地壳底界面反射波P3、莫霍界面反射波Pm及上地幔顶部首波Pn,震相连续,易追踪对比。受浅表沉积盖层或基岩等的影响,Pg波常出现局部延迟滞后或走时超前现象。尤其是大别造山带个别炮点的反射能量较弱或同相轴扭曲、波形紊乱等,均与地壳内界面和莫霍面的深度突变或破碎有关。该区域地壳结构大致分为上、中、下3层,但视资料情况中地壳和下地壳又可进一步划分为2个亚层。华北地台和扬子地台地壳厚度30~36km,莫霍界面形态变化较缓,存在局部隆起,下地壳平均速度6.7±0.3km/s。但大别造山带下方地壳厚度32~41km,莫霍界面下凹且出现4~7km垂向错断,下地壳平均速度6.8±0.2km/s。     

群体互动时空可达性评价模型

群体互动行为在人类社会生活中不可或缺,群体互动时空可达性旨在研究群体的时空条件下共同开展活动的自由度,长期以来一直受到地理学、交通学、规划学、行为学等不同领域的广泛关注。为弥补已有可达性方法对于活动开放时间及个人活动需求考虑的不足,本文拓展了时间地理学核心概念,基于群体互动时空路径与群体互动时空棱柱,进行群体互动时空可达性表达,并以活动地点兴趣度、互动时长可行度、活动地点吸引度、出行时间衰减度为评价因子,构建群体互动时空可达性评价模型,并以北京市为实验区验证了模型的有效性。该模型可为聚会活动地点推荐、移动社交网络、个人智能交通出行等应用提供一种有效的方案。     

务川龙潭仡佬族民族身份的地方性建构

新中国成立后的民族识别与恢复是中国民族认同研究的宏观背景,以往研究多强调国家建构的外部视角,较少从民族身份赋予的合理性和正统性背后,结合外部与内部的双重视角深入挖掘各相关主体如何参与到民族身份建构的过程。文章采用实地观察、深度访谈、文献法等对务川龙潭仡佬族进行研究,发现地方政府以民族学家梳理的“濮―僚―仡佬”的族源承袭为理论依据,又以文字文本为依据发掘了濮、僚、仡佬与朱砂的关系,切合当下龙潭原住民与朱砂的生产生活,并以之建构其“仡佬族”身份。研究结果显示：“朱砂”的地方性参与了民族身份建构,且在旅游背景下地方再造的过程中,政府通过对“朱砂”的文本、祭祀、景观恢复与再造进行了对“仡佬族”身份的二次建构与强化,反映了地方政府主体对朱砂的地方性视角;但如何更好地进行地方再现,对地方文化的发展将有何影响,如何唤起族群真实的情感,官员、宗族精英、普通民众等不同的地方主体何以凝聚,值得进一步关注和思考。     

华北克拉通中西部地区瑞利面波噪声层析成像

根据2011年在鄂尔多斯地区新架的51套宽频带流动地震台数据,结合区域数字地震台网138个固定台站和2007年华北流动地震台阵连续一年的地震记录,基于背景噪声成像的基本原理与方法得到了华北克拉通中西部地区6～36S的瑞利面波群速度分布图像。6～15s的成像结果很好地对应于上地壳的隆起和塌陷盆地构造;16~30S的成像结果揭示了大同盆地和汾河谷地西侧可能存在中下地壳低速层;30~36S的成像结果反映了华北克拉通地壳东薄西厚的总格局,和断陷盆地下方莫霍面相对隆起的局部特征。     

A nearly analytic exponential time difference method for solving 2D seismic wave equations

In this paper, we propose a nearly analytic exponential time difference (NETD) method for solving the 2D acoustic and elastic wave equations. In this method, we use the nearly analytic discrete operator to approximate the high-order spatial differential operators and transform the seismic wave equations into semi-discrete ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, the converted ODE system is solved by the exponential time difference (ETD) method. We investigate the properties of NETD in detail, including the stability condition for 1-D and 2-D cases, the theoretical and relative errors, the numerical dispersion relation for the 2-D acoustic case, and the computational efficiency. In order to further validate the method, we apply it to simulating acoustic/elastic wave propagation in multilayer models which have strong contrasts and complex heterogeneous media, e.g., the SEG model and the Marmousi model. From our theoretical analyses and numerical results, the NETD can suppress numerical dispersion effectively by using the displacement and gradient to approximate the high-order spatial derivatives. In addition, because NETD is based on the structure of the Lie group method which preserves the quantitative properties of differential equations, it can achieve more accurate results than the classical methods.     

Progress and perspective on frontiers of geobiology

Geobiology is a new discipline on the crossing interface between earth science and life science,and aims to understand the interaction and co-evolution between organisms and environments.On the basis of the latest international achievements,the new data presented in the Beijing geobiology forum sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013,and the papers in this special issue,here we present an overview of the progress and perspectives on three important frontiers,including geobiology of the critical periods in Earth history,geomicrobes and their responses and feedbacks to global environmental changes,and geobiology in extreme environments.Knowledge is greatly improved about the close relationship of some significant biotic events such as origin,radiation,extinction,and recovery of organisms with the deep Earth processes and the resultant environmental processes among oceans,land,and atmosphere in the critical periods,although the specific dynamics of the co-evolution between ancient life and paleoenvironments is still largely unknown.A variety of geomicrobial functional groups were found to respond sensitively to paleoenvironmental changes,which enable the establishment of proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstruction,and to play active roles on the Earth environmental changes via elemental biogeochemical cycles and mineral bio-transformations,but to be deciphered are the mechanisms of these functional groups that change paleoenvironmental conditions.Microbes of potential geobiology significance were found and isolated from some extreme environments with their biological properties partly understood,but little is known about their geobiological functions to change Earth environments.The biotic processes to alter or modify the environments are thus proposed to be the very issue geobiology aims to decipher in the future.Geobiology will greatly extend the temporal and spatial scope of biotic research on Earth and beyond.It has great potential of application in the domains of resource exploration and global change.To achieve these aims needs coordinative multidisciplinary studies concerning geomicrobiology and related themes,database and modeling of biogeochemical cycles,typical geological environments,and coupling of biological,physical,and chemical processes.