3D P‐wave traveltime computation in transversely isotropic media using layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching

Subsurface rocks (e.g. shale) may induce seismic anisotropy, such as transverse isotropy. Traveltime computation is an essential component of depth imaging and tomography in transversely isotropic media. It is natural to compute the traveltime using the wavefront marching method. However, tracking the 3D wavefront is expensive, especially in anisotropic media. Besides, the wavefront marching method usually computes the traveltime using the eikonal equation. However, the anisotropic eikonal equation is highly non‐linear and it is challenging to solve. To address these issues, we present a layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching method to compute the P‐wave traveltime in 3D transversely isotropic media. To simplify the wavefront tracking, it uses the traveltime of the previous depth as the boundary condition to compute that of the next depth based on the wavefront marching. A strategy of traveltime computation is designed to guarantee the causality of wave propagation. To avoid solving the non‐linear eikonal equation, it updates traveltime along the expanding wavefront by Fermat's principle. To compute the traveltime using Fermat's principle, an approximate group velocity with high accuracy in transversely isotropic media is adopted to describe the ray propagation. Numerical examples on 3D vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy models show that the proposed method computes the traveltime with high accuracy. It can find applications in modelling and depth migration.     

航空工业组团阎良片区土动力学参数统计分析

基于航空工业组团阎良片区地震小区划项目中大量动三轴试验结果,通过双曲线拟合方法,得到主要土类（黄土状土、粉质粘土、粉土、细砂）在8个典型剪应变（0.000005、0.00001、0.00005、0.0001、0.0005、0.001、0.005、0.01）下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比统计值,并将得到的统计值与廖振鹏给出的建议值、陈党民等给出的典型值和袁晓铭等给出的推荐值进行比较,进一步论证土动力学参数的地域性特征。文中还探讨了土样埋深和取样手段（试样等级）对动剪切模量比和阻尼比的影响。文中给出的统计值可为该片区地震小区划中的土层地震反应模型提供参数,同时也为研究该片区场地土动力特性及重大工程地震安全性评价工作提供参考和借鉴。     

基于主客观赋权模糊综合评价法的湖泊水生态系统健康评价

运用湖泊营养状态指数判断湖泊的富营养化状态,并根据湖泊的水质、沉积物和水生生物群落的现状和特点,运用主观赋权法中的层次分析法和客观赋权法中的熵权法结合模糊综合评价法,对长江中游地区江汉湖群37个湖泊的水生态系统进行健康状态评价.对湖泊富营养化的调查结果表明,海口湖处于中营养状态,18个湖泊处于富营养化状态,18个湖泊处于超富营养化状态.湖泊生态系统健康评价的研究结果表明,37个湖泊中,处于健康状况"优"的湖泊只有海口湖,处于健康状况"良"的湖泊有5个,分别为东西汊湖、花马湖、梁子湖、童家湖和涨渡湖,其余31个湖泊均处于健康状况"差"的状态.经过与湖泊营养状态指数的对照,本研究结果表明,由主观赋权的专家评分的层次分析法结合模糊综合评价法对江汉湖群湖泊水生态健康状态的评价效果相比客观赋权的熵权模糊综合评价法更贴合实际.     

新源、和静交界ML6.8级地震序列应力降和震源机制研究

Based on the digital waveform data recorded by Xinjiang Digital Seismic Network for the Xinyuan-Hejing M_L6.8 earthquake sequences of June 30,2012,this paper analyzes the stress drops of earthquake sequences and the correlation coefficients of focal mechanisms significant for strong aftershocks.Firstly,the source parameters of the Xinyuan-Hejing M_L6.8 earthquake sequences are obtained by applying the spectrum analysis and the Brunes source model.Then,the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitudes are calculated using the low-frequency spectral amplitude recorded by the same station for the different events.Finally,based on the results of the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitudes,the events with similar focal mechanisms are grouped using the clustering method.The results show that:(1)The stress drop values show a steady trend in the aftershock sequence calm period and the stress drop values show a rise-fall in strong aftershocks.(2)The moving average correlation coefficient of amplitude spectrum begins to spread after the main shock.It shows that the correlation decreases between the main shock and the aftershocks in mechanisms.(3)The results of focal mechanism groups show that the earthquake sequences are mainly strike slips.The stress distribution of the main pressure axis is nearly NS,which is the same as the structural stress field.(4)The magnitude and mechanism show that there is an agreement before the strong aftershock,which shows that the regional stress field is enhanced.     

系泊方柱在畸形波与波群伴生波浪作用下运动响应试验研究

畸形波与波群伴生波浪作用于系泊浮体,和常规随机波浪作用比较,运动响应时频域特征均将发生显著变化。基于物理模型试验,采用小波方法计算伴生波浪和常规随机波浪作用下系泊浮体运动响应的时频域特征变化及波群因子与浮体运动响应时频域特征的定量关系。结果表明:伴生波浪作用下浮体运动响应显著大于常规随机波浪的作用结果,且波群因子G A对浮体运动响应时频域特征有显著影响;伴生波浪作用下浮体纵荡运动的广义能量谱E(t)统计特征值E max(t)、E 1/10(t)、E 1/3(t)、E average(t)均明显大于相同波谱下常规随机波浪的结果,且随着波群因子G A增大显著增大;伴生波浪作用下各运动响应能量集中度δE显著大于常规随机波浪作用结果,且能量集中时域分布范围参数ΔT E以纵荡运动分量最为显著。     

海水中大分子有机质对铂族元素的吸附动力学研究

Adsorption kinetics of the interaction between Pt, Pd and Rh(defined here as platinum group elements, PGEs)ions and macromolecular organic compounds(MOCs, 10 kDa), including humic acid, carrageenan and bovine serum albumin, and different cutoff fractions of natural organic matter(1 kDa and 3 kDa) obtained from seawater using centrifugal ultrafiltration devices were investigated. For a given element, all the adsorption kinetics did not reach equilibrium except the interaction between Pt and 1 kDa cutoff, and between Pd and humic acid.For all the tested MOCs, the adsorption kinetics could be divided into two stages, a rapid adsorption process in the first 8 h and the desorption stage after the first 8 h until the equilibrium. The change trend of partition coefficient(log_(10)K_d) values with experiment time was consistent with that of the kinetic curves. However, in the interaction between PGE ions and natural dissolved organic matter(NDOM), an obvious difference in the change trends of log_(10)K_d and kinetic curves was observed. It indicated that the partition behavior of PGE ions interacting with NDOM in seawater was a combined effect of different organic constituents. The adsorption and log_(10)K_d of PGEs in the 1 kDa NDOM fraction were higher and more stable than those in the 3 kDa NDOM fraction. The results also indicated that the 1–3 kDa NDOM may dominate the interaction between PGEs ions and NDOM. Moreover, no kinetic model could perfectly simulate the adsorption process. It indicated that the colloidal struction and morphology of MOCs or NDOM in seawater might be inhomogeneous. Hence, the interaction between PGE ions and organic matter in seawater was a complicated process and needs further research.     

A new species of the genus Haloschizopera Lang, 1944(Copepoda,Harpacticoida, Miraciidae,Diosaccinae) from the East China Sea

A new species belonging to the genus Haloschizopera Lang, 1944 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Miraciidae, Diosaccinae) was identifi ed based on the samples collected from the East China Sea, near the off shore of Zhejiang Province, East China. The new species is closely related to H . pygmaea Norman & Sccot T., 1905 and shares a combination of the following features: A1 eight-segmented;A2 exp-2 with one distal seta, exp-3 with three setae;P1 endopodal segments subequal, enp-1 not exceeding exp-2;exp-3 of P3 with one inner seta, of P4 with two inner setae. The new species is characterized by the presence of one inner seta on P2 exp-3 of both sexes. It can also be distinguished from its congeners by the characters of female: P5 exopod subcircular, endopodal lobe extending beyond half-length of exopod;genital doublesomite ornamented with three dorsolateral rows of spinules on anterior part.     

枯季长江口南汇东滩潮间带盐沼湿地冲淤变化对大型底栖动物功能群的影响

盐沼湿地的冲淤变化是影响大型底栖动物功能群组成及其分布特征的一个重要因素。本文选择长江口南汇东滩作为研究区域,设置固定样地,分别于2015年11月和2016年2月,进行了大型底栖动物和沉积物理化因子的季节性取样分析,并在期间内每月进行滩面冲淤变化的观测,分析了枯季长江口南汇东滩潮间带盐沼湿地冲淤变化对大型底栖动物功能群的影响及作用机理。调研期间共采集到大型底栖动物37种,从功能群组成来看,以杂食者居多,共25种;植食者次之,共7种;肉食者最少,仅为5种。3种食性功能群的物种数、密度和生物量的时空变化特征有所不同。调研期间,3个功能群物种数都略有下降;植食者密度显著增加（P<0.01）,而肉食者、杂食者密度变化不显著（P>0.05）;3个功能群的生物量变化均不显著（P>0.05）。植食者密度和生物量在样地间都存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;肉食者和杂食者仅密度在2016年2月的调研中存在样地间的显著差异（P<0.05）。不同样地月际冲淤变化特征有所不同,但总体均呈淤涨态势。多数环境因子存在显著的空间差异（P<0.05）,仅不同深度的沉积物中值粒径在样地间无显著差异（P>0.05）。滩面冲淤变化对沉积物理化指标的变化具有主导作用。通过非线性回归分析筛选出的与各功能群物种数、密度、生物量变化具有显著相关性（P<0.05）的环境因子组合存在差异。其中,对植食者密度、生物量的变化和肉食者物种数的变化有显著影响的环境因子组合中都包含绝对冲淤变化量。滩面冲淤变化除对大型底栖动物产生直接影响外,还会通过改变沉积物理化因子特征,间接对大型底栖动物产生影响。对于3种食性功能群来说,产生影响作用的主要生境因子存在明显差异。虽然各食性功能群的物种数均有下降,但相对另外两种功能群而言,沉积物中的营养环境还是更利于杂食者的生存,因此杂食者在竞争过程中更具优势。未来相关研究需要在多因子系统监测的基础上,结合洪季的观测结果,进行综合分析。     

几种海藻粗多糖的理化性质及结构特征分析

主要采用傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)、气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)和凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)方法对5种海藻粗多糖的单糖组成、官能团、分子量进行了初步分析。结果显示5种海藻粗多糖均含有木糖和岩藻糖, 其中南方团扇藻多糖含有较为丰富的山梨糖, 属于大分子量均一性多糖, 而孔石莼多糖分子量分布较宽, 均一性较差。红外光谱分析结果表明, 5种粗多糖均为酸性多糖, 棒叶蕨藻、琼枝麒麟菜和匍枝马尾藻多糖具有明显的硫酸基团吸收峰, 琼枝麒麟菜多糖存在呋喃糖和吡喃糖, 并且吡喃糖苷键可能存在β和α两种类型。明胶氯化钡实验结果指出南方团扇藻多糖的硫酸基团含量为38.43%(±2.38%), 明显高于其他几种海藻多糖, 而棒叶蕨藻多糖的硫酸基团含量最低, 仅为8.92%(±1.04%)。     

丝绸之路经济带西段五省区旅游资源群开发潜力评价

陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆五省区构成了丝绸之路经济带西段区域,科学地评价该区域旅游资源,有利于合理开发旅游资源、挖掘旅游发展潜力,促进丝绸之路经济带西段的发展。本文以丝绸之路经济带西段即中国西北五省区为研究对象,构建旅游资源开发潜力综合评价指标体系,利用多层次灰色评价法对旅游资源群的开发潜力进行评价。研究结果表明:丝绸之路经济带西段五省区拥有丰富的旅游资源,同时高品位的旅游资源与丝路文化紧密相关,空间分布与丝绸之路经济带大体一致。在空间上,三类旅游资源群呈现与丝绸之路经济带走向的一致性,体现出各具特色的空间集聚优势,即自然风景旅游资源群主要以兰州和西宁为中心,呈现椭圆状分布;遗址遗迹旅游资源群主要以西安为中心,呈现放射状分布;综合风景旅游资源主要以乌鲁木齐为中心,呈现带状分布。旅游资源的数量、类型、级别和开发程度呈现"整体分散"与"局部集中"并存的特点,但许多高品位的旅游资源还处于原生态,尚未进行规模化开发,以此为丝绸之路沿线旅游资源利用及区域旅游合作提供理论依据。