应用NOC方法研究中国地区地磁时空变化

应用自然正交分量(NOC)方法,对1995～2006年中国地区36个地磁台的地磁场观测数据进行了计算,获得了上述数据矩阵的本征值和相应的空间域、时间域本征向量,并就其时空分布与中国地磁模型（CGM）进行了对比分析,探讨了它的物理意义.研究表明,上述观测数据包含了丰富的地磁内、外源场信息,其中地磁场要素F、D、I第一、第二本征值及相应的空间域和时间域的第一、第二本征向量所描述的地磁基本场时间变化与CGM吻合较好.     

Experimental and analytical studies on the response of freestanding laboratory equipment to earthquake shaking

This paper presents results of a comprehensive experimental program on the seismic response of full‐scale freestanding laboratory equipment. First, quasi‐static experiments are conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of the contact interface between the laboratory equipment and floors. Based on the experimental results, the response analysis that follows adopts two idealized contact friction models: the elastoplastic model and the classical Coulomb friction model. Subsequently, the paper presents shake table test results of full‐scale freestanding equipment subjected to ground and floor motions of hazard levels with corresponding displacements that can be accommodated by the shake table at the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Center. For the equipment tested, although some rocking is observed, sliding is the predominant mode of response, with sliding displacements reaching up to 60 cm. Numerical simulations with the proposed models are performed. Finally, the paper identifies a physically motivated intensity measure and the associated engineering demand parameter with the help of dimensional analysis and presents ready‐to‐use fragility curves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Partitioning of the grain-size components of Dali Lake core sediments: evidence for lake-level changes during the Holocene

We recovered a sediment core (DL04) from the depocenter of Dali Lake in central-eastern Inner Mongolia. The upper 8.5 m were analyzed at 1-cm intervals for grain-size distribution to partition the grain-size components and provide a high-resolution proxy record of Holocene lake level changes. Partitioning of three to six components, C1, C2, C3 through C6 from fine to coarse modes within the individual polymodal distributions, into overlapping lognormal distributions, was accomplished utilizing the method of lognormal distribution function fitting. Genetic analyses of the grain-size components suggest that two major components, C2 and C3, interpreted as offshore-suspension fine and medium-to-coarse silt, can serve as sediment proxies for past changes in the level of Dali Lake. Lower modal sizes of both C2 and C3 and greater C3 and lower C2 percentages reflect higher lake stands. The proxy data from DL04 core sediments span the last 12,000 years and indicate that Dali Lake experienced five stages during the Holocene. During the interval ca. 11,500–9,800 cal year BP, lake level was unstable, with drastic rises and falls. Following that interval, the lake level was marked by high stands between ca. 9,800 and 7,100 cal year BP. During the period from ca. 7,100 to 3,650 cal year BP, lake level maintained generally low stands, but displayed a slight tendency to rise. Subsequently, the lake level continued rising, but exhibited high-frequency, high-amplitude fluctuations until ca. 1,800 cal years ago. Since ca. 1,800 cal year BP, the lake has displayed a gradual lowering trend with frequent fluctuations.     

Detection of anthropogenic gadolinium in the Brisbane River plume in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia

Wastewater effluent is known to contain macro and micropollutants, which may be deleterious to environmental health. One such class of micropollutants is chelated gadolinium, which are used as MRI contrast agents. As these MRI contrast agents can be assumed to behave conservatively during estuarine mixing, it is possible to calculate how much wastewater is represented in any particular sample. In this study, the percentage contribution of wastewater at specific locations in Moreton Bay, Qld, were determined by calculating the additional anthropogenic gadolinium contribution to the total rare earth element concentrations. Wastewater contributions were measured at concentrations as low as 0.2%, demonstrating the applicability of this technique for wastewater effluent plume mapping.     

风化软岩填筑路基可行性室内试验研究

针对武广客运铁路专线沿线遇到的大量软质千枚状板岩和泥质粉砂岩,在分析风化软岩基本矿物成分、耐崩解性的基础上,结合风化软岩岩块力学强度和击实试验结果,初步判定了风化软岩填筑路基的可行性,同时提出了软岩填筑路基可行性的初步判定方法。     

组分权重方法对城市目标方向亮温模拟的影响

借鉴了现阶段二维垄行作物的组分权重确定方法并将其推广到三维城市地表,加上已有的针对城市地表的方法,得到了辐射度方法、水平面投影法、球面投影法和中心投影实验法4种方法。结果表明,当天顶角较小时,辐射度方法、球面投影法、中心投影实验法(通过数码像片勾绘统计计算得到组分权重)和水平面投影法都能较为精确地模拟方向亮温的空间分布。     

贝加尔裂谷区地壳上地幔复杂的各向异性及其动力学意义

位于西伯利亚板块东南缘的贝加尔裂谷是最典型的大陆裂谷之一,其形成的动力机制与演化过程一直是地学界争论的焦点.本研究使用一种改进的横波分裂测量方法——全局最小切向能量法,对研究区宽频带固定台站ULN和TLY记录的SKS震相和接收函数PmS震相进行分裂测量,得到了裂谷地区地壳和上地幔的各向异性属性.ULN台的SKS分裂测量结果表明,台站下方存在双层各向异性结构,其中,上层的快波偏振方向为N74°E,快、慢波分裂时差为0.80 s,下层的快波偏振方向为N128°E,快、慢波分裂时差为0.80 s;PmS震相分裂测量结果表明,台站下方地壳内存在单层各向异性结构,其快波偏振方向为N77°E,与SKS分裂测量的上层各向异性的快波偏振方向相近,快、慢波分裂时差为0.26 s,这说明SKS分裂测量的上层各向异性同时包含了地壳和地幔岩石圈.对TLY台进行SKS分裂测量时发现,台站下方上地幔结构表现出横向非均匀性:当反方位角<90°时,快波偏振方向在N60°E左右,快、慢波分裂时差为1.27 s;当反方位角>90°时,快波偏振方向约为N120°E,快、慢波分裂时差为1.40 s;PmS震相分裂测量没有获得有效的结果,并且不同方位的PmS震相到时基本一致,说明TLY台下方地壳结构接近各向同性.根据分裂测量结果,结合贝加尔裂谷区的构造演化过程,得到以下结论:(1)ULN台双层各向异性的上层主要是岩石圈原始结构的反映,并且存在地壳与地幔岩石圈的一致性形变,而下层指示着现今软流圈地幔的流动;(2)由于刚性的西伯利亚克拉通的阻挡,地幔流动方向在克拉通南缘发生了偏转,在深部绕克拉通边缘流动,因此形成了TLY台下方上地幔结构的横向变化.     

INFERRING HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN A TEMPERATE BASIN USING ISOTOPIC AND GEOCHEMICAL HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION: A RE-EVALUATION

Simultaneous monitoring of conservative and non-conservative tracers in streamflow offers a valuable means of obtaining information on the age and flow paths of water reaching the basin outlet. Previous studies of stormflow generation in a small forested basin on the Canadian Shield used isotopic (IHS) and geochemical hydrograph separations (GHS) to infer that some event water during snowmelt reaches the stream via subsurface pathways, and that surface water runoff is generated by direct precipitation on to saturated areas (DPSA) in the stream valley. These hypotheses were tested for rainfall inputs using simultaneous IHS (¹⁸O) and GHS (dissolved silica) of basin stormflow, supplemented by hydrochemical and hydrometric data from throughflow troughs installed on basin slopes. Comparison of pre-event and subsurface water hydrographs did not provide conclusive evidence for subsurface movement of event water to the stream, owing to the appreciable uncertainty associated with the hydrograph separations. However, IHSs of runoff at the soil–bedrock interface on basin slopes indicated that event water comprised 25–50% of total runoff from areas with deep soil cover, and that these contributions supplied event water flux from the basin in excess of that attributable to DPSA. The surface water component of stormflow estimated from the GHS was also largely the result of DPSA. GHS assumes that dissolved silica is rapidly and uniformly taken up by water infiltrating the soil and that water moving via surface pathways retains the low dissolved silica level of rainfall; however, neither assumption was supported by the hillslope results. Instead, results suggest that the observed depression of silica levels in basin stormflow previously attributed to dilution by DPSA was partly a function of transport of dilute event water to the channel via preferential pathways. Implications of these results for the general use of simultaneous IHS and GHS to infer hydrological processes are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subaerial hot springs and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems past and present,and possible extraterrestrial analogues

The principal features,geotectonic settings and association with near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems of ancient and present subaerial hot springs,fumaroles and geysers are herein reviewed.Fumaroles and geysers usually occur in volcanic craters and are in most cases,part and parcel of hot spring environments.Subaerial hot springs are characterised by siliceous-and carbonate-rich chemical sediments,such as sinters and travertines,respectively.Sinters are commonly enriched in various metalliferous elements.Hot springs surface discharges are also characterised by pools,which exhibit bright colours due to the presence of microorganisms.Present-day examples discussed in this paper,include the fumaroles and hot springs of the White Island volcano(New Zealand),the world-renowned Yellowstone caldera(USA) and the Afar region of the East African Rift System.The Afar triangle,in the northern part of East African Rift System,provides a good example of hot springs associated with evaporative deposits.The Tuli-Sabi-Lebombo triple junction rifts were formed during the ～180 Ma Karoo igneous event in southern Africa,of which the Tuli arm is the failed rift(aulacogen),as is the Afar region.The Tuli rift is effectively an unusual,if not unique,tectono-thermal setting,because it comprises Karoo-age hot springs systems and associated vein stockworks and breccias,which includes the Messina Cu deposit as well as currently active hot springs with sinter deposits probably due to post-Karoo uplift.Fumarolic pipes in ignimbrites of the Erongo Volcano-Plutonic Complex in Namibia are discussed.This is followed by an example of banded chert rocks in the Killara Formation of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen(Western Australia),interpreted as hot spring chemical sediments,which also show evidence of "fossil" microbial filaments.The paper ends with a brief overview of possible analogues of hot springs on planet Mars.     

Plume interaction and mantle heterogeneity:A geochemical perspective

Mantle plumes originating from the Core-Mantle Boundary(CMB) or the Mantle Transition Zone(MTZ) play an important role in material transfer through Earth's interior.The hotspot-related plumes originate through different mechanisms and have diverse processes of material transfer.Both the Morganian plumes and large low shear wave velocity provinces(LLSVPs) are derived from the D " layer in the CMB,whereas the Andersonian plumes originate from the upper mantle.All plumes have a plume head at the Moho,although the LLSVPs have an additional plume head at the MTZ.We compare the geochemical characteristics of various plumes in an attempt to evaluate the material exchange between the plumes and mantle layers.The D" layer,the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes are consisted of subducted slab and post-perovskite from the lower mantle.Bridgmanite would crystallize during the upwelling process of the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes in the lower mantle,and the residual is a basalt-trachyte suite.Unlike the Morganian plumes,the crystallization in the LLSVPs is insufficient that material accumulates beneath the MTZ to form a plume head.Typically,the secondary plumes above the plume head occur at the edge of the LLSVPs because it is easier for bridgmanite crystal separating from the plume head at the edge,and the residual material with low density upwells to form the secondary plumes.Meanwhile,Na and K are enriched during the long-term crystallization process,and then the basalt-phonolite suite appears in the LLSVPs.The geochemical characteristics of Andersonian plumes suggest that the basalt-rhyolite suite is the major component in the upper mantle.Meanwhile the basalt-rhyolite suite also appears in the LLSVPs and the Morganian plumes because of the assimilation and contamination in the plume head beneath the Mono.