新疆喀什地区遥感地质信息提取

本文以喀什地区为研究区域,基于ETM遥感影像数据,提取研究区遥感地质信息,主要是断裂构造和环形构造。通过分析区内遥感地质特征,圈定成矿有利部位,为进一步找矿提供可靠的依据。     

辽宁板块构造特征及大地构造单元划分

利用板块构造理论,依据近年来1：5万区域地质调查及相关科研成果,对辽宁地壳发展演化进行了分析研究,提出辽宁地壳发展可暂划分为早前寒武纪大陆增生构造体制和中元古宙以来的板块构造体制.中太古代-古元古代发现了绿岩地体和古元古宙裂谷,因此将早前寒武纪视作原始板块,中元古代-古生代视作古板块,中生代以来视作现代板块.在此基础上对辽宁大地构造单元进行了划分.辽宁Ⅰ级构造单元为塔里木-华北板块.Ⅱ级构造单元为天山-赤峰陆缘活动带和华北陆块.Ⅲ级构造单元5个,分别为建平-西丰华力西陆缘造山带、冀辽地块、铁岭-清原微地块、辽吉地块及下辽河-辽东湾新生代裂谷.Ⅳ级构造单元16个.为清楚地了解辽宁地壳发展演化特点,对5个Ⅲ级构造单元地质特征进行简要阐述.     

裂陷盆地基底双界面模式二维重力反演

裂陷盆地基底的起伏表现为非光滑的几何形态,传统的重力反演结果并不能很好地反映这种特点.此外,大多数情况下,重力观测面并不位于盆地上界面,应为单独的起伏观测面,盆地应为上界面和基底组成的双界面模式.基于此,本文研究了起伏观测面上裂陷盆地基底双界面模式二维重力反演方法.研究中假设沉积盆地的沉积层与基底的密度差随深度按双曲线规律变化.将沉积盆地的沉积层剖分成相邻的垂直柱体,其水平尺寸是已知的,顶面与沉积层上界面重合,底面深度代表基底的深度,即为要反演的参数.反演中引入全变差函数作为盆地模型的约束,使得反演结果呈现非光滑形态,符合裂陷盆地基底特征.为减小反演多解性,引入已知深度点作为约束.建立由重力数据拟合、已知深度约束及全变差函数组成的目标函数,采用非线性共轭梯度算法使目标函数最小化.模型试算结果表明该方法可反演裂陷盆地基底起伏,并通过调整正则化参数的值可反演坳陷盆地基底起伏.将该反演方法用于珠江口盆地惠州凹陷和运城-临汾裂陷盆地实际资料处理,其结果较好地反映了裂陷盆地基底起伏特征,为研究盆地构造、油气勘探等提供重要参考.     

鹤庆盆地东缘古滑坡遥感识别与特征研究

古滑坡的识别与研究对认识区域地质构造、古气候、古环境的演变及其和人类社会发展的关系具有重要意义。基于遥感图像的纹理、色调特征等古滑坡解译标志,识别出鹤庆盆地东缘存在的两处古滑坡;同时,结合利用滑坡区数字高程模型(DEM)数据的滑坡地表形态分析,解译出两处古滑坡的位置、范围、前后缘高程等特征信息。利用GIS几何形态计算的结果表明,两处古滑坡规模分别达到1.30亿m³和5.64亿m³,属于巨型滑坡。综合滑坡区地层岩性、地质构造、地表覆盖特征及古地震活动分析,推测两处古滑坡均为地震所引发。对比分析古滑坡与大丽铁路、鹤庆火车站的相对位置关系,认为大型线性工程的选址不仅要着重目前区域稳定性的评价,还应考虑古地震次生地质灾害的影响范围和地震活动周期性,避让陡峭的断陷盆地边缘部位。     

松辽盆地梨树断陷层序地层格架及沉积体系分布

在层序地层学原理和方法的指导下,综合利用地震、测井、钻井及岩心等资料,结合盆地构造演化特征,建立了梨 树断陷断陷层(晚侏罗世火石岭组及早侏罗世沙河子组、营城组和登娄库组)层序地层格架。将梨树断陷断陷层划分为 1 个一级层序(TSq1)、3 个二级层序 (I—III)、7 个三级层序 (SQ1—SQ7),并在层序格架内进行沉积相划分和沉积体系研究, 明确研究区主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、近岸水下扇和湖泊等沉积体系。冲积扇沉积体系主要分布在早期 SQ2 层序中;扇三角洲沉积体系主要分布在 SQ3 和 SQ4 层序中;SQ5,SQ6 和 SQ7 层序则以辫状河三角洲沉积为主;近岸水 下扇沉积体系主要发育在 SQ4、SQ5 和 SQ6 各层序的陡坡带。沉积体系在平面与纵向上的演化受古构造与古地貌的双重控制, 提出梨树断陷 SQ4 和 SQ5 层序沉积砂体为较有利的勘探区域。     

扬子陆块古-中元古代地质演化与Columbia超大陆重建

扬子陆块在古-中元古代时期经历了较为强烈的岩浆-变质-沉积-成矿等地质事件,这些事件是理解该陆块陆壳演化和成矿效应内在联系及动力学的关键,也是探讨该陆块在Columbia超大陆中古地理重建的前提。本文以古-中元古代地质单元出露较为完整的扬子西南缘为重点研究对象,在总结已有资料的基础上,对扬子陆块古-中元古代时期地质事件进行剖析和讨论,明确了扬子陆块西南缘在古-中元古代时期经历了由Columbia超大陆初始裂解引起的陆内裂谷相关的沉积作用,岩浆侵位及矿产富集等地质过程。通过与全球陆块进行对比,发现相似的裂谷的相关沉积-岩浆-成矿事件在劳伦大陆西北部、澳大利亚北部及Siberian克拉通都有体现。本文认为扬子陆块在2. 4～2. 3 Ga通过增生拼贴到劳伦大陆Rae克拉通。在共同经历过Columbia超大陆聚合的峰期变质作用(2. 03～1. 81 Ga)之后,超大陆开始逐步裂解并形成大陆内部裂谷,最终在古元古代后期(～1. 66～1. 60 Ga)扬子陆块和Columbia超大陆主体分离。     

Slavin Yar: a new Upper Cenozoic reference section in the Tunka rift valley (Southwestern Baikal region)

The biostratigraphic study of a new Upper Cenozoic reference section in the Tunka rift valley (southwestern Baikal region) accompanied by radiocarbon measurements made it possible to date its lithological units. It is established that the section is largely composed of Upper Pleistocene fluvial sediments resting with distinct angular unconformity uapon Pliocene conglomerates. The revealed structural features of the section confirm the views that the directed development of the Tunka depressions was complicated by local inversions, when the sedimentation area became reduced. The main sedimentation features during the Late Cenozoic and its stages are reconstructed for the studied area.     

陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例

构造沉积学不仅强调大地构造背景条件对盆地演化的控制作用,同时还注重盆地内部的构造特征与沉积充填特征之间的控制及响应关系研究。陆相裂谷盆地发育过程中,构造作用强烈,盆地沉积充填过程复杂,进行构造沉积学研究对揭示盆地构造沉积演化过程具有重要意义。以大量地震、钻测井资料为基础,结合大地构造背景资料,研究松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷发育过程中的构造、沉积演化特征,分析构造活动与沉积作用之间的响应及控制关系,并由此讨论半地堑陆相湖盆的沉积充填演化规律及其控制因素。研究表明,在伏龙泉断陷盆地演化过程中,早期的火山岩隆起对盆地初始裂陷期形态具有明显的影响作用;边界断层的分布及其生长速率特征则对盆地结构演化过程起着首要的控制作用。盆地裂陷期,研究区古气候环境比较稳定,构造因素是控制该陆相裂谷盆地地层序列与沉积特征的首要因素;断裂发育特征决定了盆地的古地貌特征,而盆地的古地貌特征直接影响着盆地内部的沉积充填类型与沉积体系展布格局;区域构造抬升与断块掀斜是该半地堑盆地内部发育不整合面的主要因素。在陆相裂陷盆地的构造沉积特征研究中,构造沉积学显示出了其必要性与适用性,有利于在揭示构造沉积现象的同时,合理解释其地质成因。     

Basinal setting and origin of thick (1·8 km) mass‐flow dominated Grand Conglomérat diamictites,Kamoa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Resolving climate and tectonic controls during Neoproterozoic glaciations

The Kamoa sub‐basin, in the south‐eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a rift basin that hosts a world‐class stratiform copper deposit at the base of a very thick (1·8 km) succession of matrix‐supported conglomerates (diamictite) (Grand Conglomérat Formation) that has been interpreted by some as the product of deposition in the aftermath of a planet‐wide glaciation. Newly available subsurface data consisting of more than 300 km of drill core throws new light on the origin of diamictite and associated facies types, and their tectonic, basinal and palaeoclimatic setting. Initiation of rifting is recorded by a lowermost subaqueous succession of fault‐related mass flow conglomerates and breccias (the ‘Poudingue’) with interdigitating coeval and succeeding sandstone turbidites (Mwashya Subgroup). Overlying diamictites of the Grand Conglomérat were deposited as subaqueous debrites produced by mixing and homogenization of antecedent breccias and gravel from the Poudingue and Mwashya sediments with basinal muds. Failure of over‐steepened basin margins and debris flow was likely to be triggered by faulting and seismic activity, and was accompanied by syn‐depositional subaqueous basaltic magmatism recorded by peperites and pillow lavas within diamictites. The thickness of diamictites reflects recurring phases of faulting, volcanism and rapid subsidence allowing continued accommodation of rapidly deposited resedimented facies well below wave base. A distal or indirect, glacial influence in the form of rare dropstones and striated clasts is evident, but tectonically‐driven mass flow destroyed any primary record of glacial climate originally present in basin margin sediments. Such basin margin settings were common during Rodinia rifting and their stratigraphy and facies record a dominant tectonic, rather than climatic, control on sedimentation. Deposition occurred on tectonic timescales inconsistent with a Snowball Earth model for Neoproterozoic diamictites involving a direct glacial contribution to deposition.