A model for the state of brittle failure of the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is an igneous arc built above the Middle America subduction zone. Its western section is being extended orthogonally to its axis by several arrays of active normal faults with a combined length of 450 km and including up to 1.5 km of throw. Until now, intra-arc extension in the TMVB has been considered the result of either rifting or retreat of the Rivera and Cocos plates. Observations worldwide and numerical models, however, appear to contradict these ideas. Continental extension in convergent margins takes place where the upper plate moves away from the trench, and the subduction zone is only weakly coupled with the overlying plate. In western Mexico, neither of these relationships applies. A new numerical model presented here is able to explain satisfactorily the state of brittle failure of the TMVB. The model embodies the first-order physics of the northern Middle America subduction zone, and its boundary conditions are consistent with the convergence history of the Rivera and North America plates. Modelling results show that periods of accelerated subduction between the Rivera and North America plates give rise to an increase in suction force under the fore arc. The over-riding plate then bends downwards, building up tensional stress inside the volcanic arc. Failure of the arc follows within 1 million years of pulse initiation. Analysis of the results shows that the steep subduction angle of the Rivera slab, the relief of the volcanic plateau, and the thermal weakening of the lower crust facilitated the failure of the arc. The model demonstrates that a highly coupled subduction zone can cause extension, albeit limited, in the over-riding plate.     

Orderliness of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Distribution in Rift Basins of Eastern China

The Cenozoic rift basins in eastern China show a clear temporal and spatial zonation and episodic tectonic evolution, which control their episodic hydrocarbon generation and zonal accumulation. In this paper, based on the study of depositional architecture, hydrocarbon migration system and dynamic evolution in the rift basins, combinations of hydrocarbon accumulation elements were analyzed using sequence stratigraphy. Hydrocarbon distribution in system tracts with different sequence orders was further studied. And we summarized stacking patterns and horizontal combination relationships for different types of reservoirs, such as lithological, tectonic-lithological, tectonic and stratigraphical reservoirs which can be observed from depression center to basin margin. The result reveals that various scales of pools exhibit significant distribution and evolution orderliness in different pool-forming units, i.e., depositional systems, plays and depressions. The regular distribution of various scales of pools is closely related to tectonic evolution and depositional filling in the rift basins. The result can be applied to the fine petroleum exploration in rift basins in eastern China. It will promote the scientific prediction and evaluation of reservoir types and their spatial distribution, lead to the active shifts of exploration targets in different zones, and thus support the stable progress of fine exploration in mature exploration areas.     

中条裂谷的幔柱构造与成矿

中条山地区的地球物理场具有“三低一高”(低波速、低密度、低黏度及高地热异常)特点,变质核杂岩中赋存有科马堤岩并具“双层”结构,火成岩呈“双峰”状态,变质期的古地温为522～608℃,压力0.3～0.73GPa,地热梯度23℃/km,表明中条山地区为新太古代-元古宙的大陆裂谷—地幔热柱构造.其成矿作用存在着“四代同堂”的成矿模式,成矿期与岩浆侵入期的时差甚小;成矿空间上,大多数矿床沿着裂谷内两组断裂呈X型“对称式”展布,有益元素矿物组合及成矿温度自中心向周围呈有规律降低趋势.由于在新太古代以前,富铜的扬子板块俯冲至华北板块之下,促使中条裂谷的地壳加厚,形成丰富的成矿物质场,因为地幔热柱脉动式隆升,热液在运移过程中不断萃取地壳的铜质,故成为区域内独特的铜矿集中区.     

Faunal and palaeoenvironmental changes in the Çal Basin,SW Anatolia: Implications for regional stratigraphic correlation of late Cenozoic basins

The Çal Basin formed in the late Miocene as an orogen-top rift hosting terrestrial sedimentation. The initial array of alluvial fans in a half-graben basin was replaced by an axial meandering-river system during the late Tortonian. Palaeomammal taxa indicate a mid-Turolian age of the deposits and a grass-dominated steppe ecosystem. Isotopic data from pedogenic carbonates indicate a warm, semiarid to arid climate. Subhumid to humid climatic conditions prevailed in the Pliocene, with a palustrine environment and savannah-type open ecosystem, recording a regional response to the marine flooding that terminated the Messinian ‘salinity crisis’ in the Mediterranean. Pleistocene saw re-establishment of a fluvial system in the basin with the development of an open steppe ecosystem in warm, semiarid to arid climatic conditions. The sedimentary facies analysis of the basin-fill succession, combined with biostratigraphic data, render the basin a regional reference and help to refine the Neogene tectono-climatic history of SW Anatolia.     

华南岩石圈三维结构

从穿过华南陆块的6条P波地震层析剖面出发,综合引用海量出版物中部分成果,对华南岩石圈三维结构作了初步探讨。以川湘黔裂陷槽和钦杭断裂为界,可以将华南岩石圈分成三大部分。在钦杭断裂东南为华夏岩石圈。它是东南亚西太平洋低速带的一部分,它与东南亚西太平洋低速带的其他地区的共同特点是它们的岩石圈地幔都受到软流圈物质上升而被改造。部分地区幔源物质侵入地壳,形成丰富的矿藏。川湘黔裂陷槽以西的地区为上扬子岩石圈。它在地表是一个热块体,但在深部有延伸超过200 km的高速基底。上扬子岩石圈受到其西攀西地幔柱的改造,在壳幔过渡带产生峨眉山岩浆房,在古生代末曾引发玄武岩的大面积喷发,至今仍在滇西留有岩浆房,并产生丰富的热泉。在川湘黔裂陷槽与钦杭断裂之间的是中扬子岩石圈。中扬子在地表是一个冷块体,在湘中实测热流值低到小于20 mW m-2,根据热流值计算得到的岩石圈厚度达到300 km。具有低速、低电阻率特征。根据大地电磁测深得到的结果也与地热流计算得到的相似。     

扬子地块北缘晚古生代-早中生代裂谷系统的分布及成因分析

晚二叠世长兴期-早三叠世印度期,在扬子地块的西北缘发育了一系列北西向展布的深水盆地区。根据成因分析证实,它们为伸展背景下形成的裂谷系统或者裂谷盆地群。平面上各裂谷盆地彼此近于平行,与北侧的南秦岭造山带在走向上呈正交和大角度斜交的排列,自西向东依次为开江-梁平裂谷、城口-鄂西裂谷和荆门-当阳裂谷。其中的开江-梁平裂谷东西两侧发现了巨大的天然气田而引起石油勘探家和地质学家的关注。本文对于这些控制油气资源储备的裂谷体系的分布和形成机制进行研究后,认为它们形成于南秦岭洋闭合时的碰撞作用,是南秦岭造山带和扬子地块拼合时同生的巨型"碰撞裂谷系统"。     

新疆坡十铜镍硫化物含矿岩体岩浆源区特征及构造背景探讨

新疆坡北辉长岩体位于塔里木古陆东北缘的北山裂谷带中,坡一和坡十铜镍硫化物含矿超镁铁岩体位于坡北岩体内.尽管坡十超镁铁岩体与坡北辉长岩呈侵入接触,但两者的微量元素和同位素组成显示良好 的一致性,表明两岩相虽然分不同阶段侵入就位,但仍为同源岩浆的产物.MnO-TiO2-R2O5及Th-Hf-Ta判别图解显示坡北及坡十岩体的...     

五台山地区古元古界滹沱群沉积环境:前陆盆地还是陆内裂谷盆地?

分布于五台山地区的古元古界滹沱群形成的大地构造环境和地质演化过程,对华北克拉通东、西部陆块之间的华北中部碰撞造山带的形成时代和演化具有关键性的地质约束.通过对滹沱群与下伏地质体之间的接触关系、滹沱群沉积岩石序列组合特征、构造变形样式和已有同位素年代学资料的综合分析,认为(1)滹沱群呈区域性角度不整合覆盖于新太古代五台群...     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区上石炭统—下二叠统阿木山组火山岩的地球化学特征

分析了上石炭统小独山阶—下二叠统紫松阶阿木山组玄武岩地球化学特征,对玄武岩类型、岩石特征、构造环境等进行了探讨,结合前人的研究成果,阐述了石炭纪—二叠纪盆地的基本性质。Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y、SiO2-TFeO/MgO和Zr-Y-Nb图解显示,玄武岩类型主要为亚碱性的拉斑玄武岩;稀土元素球粒陨石配分模式为右倾曲线,(La/Yb）N值较高,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,(Gd/Lu）N值相对较低,重稀土元素分馏较弱,δEu在0.87~1.11之间,无明显Eu异常;N-MORB标准化的微量元素蛛网图显示,K2O、Rb、Ba、Th等不相容元素富集,Hf、Nb、Y等亏损。Zr-Zr/Y和Ta/Hf-Th/Hf构造环境图解表明,该玄武岩产于陆内裂谷,指示晚石炭世—早二叠世额济纳旗及其邻区已进入了陆内演化阶段,为拉张作用下的陆内裂谷（裂陷）盆地。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000594

A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift,in deviation from the classic two-stage evolution scenario,based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic complexes(TLSC) in sedimentary sections around Lake Baikal and seismic stratigraphic sequences(SSS) in the lake sediments.Unlike the previous models,the revised model places the onset of rifting during Late Cretaceous and comprises three major stages which are subdivided into several substages.The stages and the substages are separated by events of tectonic activity and stress reversal when additional compression produced folds and shear structures.The events that mark the stage boundaries show up as gaps,unconformities,and deformation features in the deposition patterns. The earliest Late Cretaceous-Oligocene stage began long before the India-Eurasia collision in a setting of diffuse extension that acted over a large territory of Asia.The NW-SE far-field pure extension produced an NE-striking half-graben oriented along an old zone of weakness at the edge of the Siberian craton.That was already the onset of rift evolution recorded in weathered lacustrine deposits on the Baikal shore and in a wedge-shaped acoustically transparent seismic unit in the lake sediments.The second stage spanning Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene time began with a stress change when the effect from the Eocene India-Eurasia collision had reached the region and became a major control of its geodynamics.The EW and NE transpression and shear from the collisional front transformed the Late Cretaceous half-graben into a U-shaped one which accumulated a deformed layered sequence of sediments.Rifting at the latest stage was driven by extension from a local source associated with hot mantle material rising to the base of the rifted crust.The asthenospheric upwarp first induced the growth of the Baikal dome and the related change from finer to coarser molasse deposition.With time,the upwarp became a more powerful stress source than the collision,and the stress vector returned to the previous NW-SE extension that changed the rift geometry back to a half-graben. The layered Late Pliocene-Quaternary subaerial tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic and the Quaternary submarine seismic stratigraphic units filling the latest half-graben remained almost undeformed.The rifting mechanisms were thus passive during two earlier stages and active during the third stage. The three-stage model of the rift history does not rule out the previous division into two major stages but rather extends its limits back into time as far as the Maastrichtian.Our model is consistent with geological, stratigraphic,structural,and geophysical data and provides further insights into the understanding of rifting in the Baikal region in particular and continental rifting in general.