长白山天池火山监测预警平台构建技术研究

长白山天池火山是我国最具潜在喷发可能的活火山,至今尚未建立和提出火山监测预警平台的构建技术。本文分析讨论了国外多个灾害预警系统案例,借鉴国内外成熟思路,得出一套适应长白山天池火山地理和火山监测手段的火山监测预警平台构建技术。研究结果表明,火山监测预警平台可提供海量数据库存储与管理,实时数据传输和实时处理,危险性分级,灾情、灾评信息速报,预警级别发布,信息传播与共享功能。具有为政府应急决策、公众逃生避险、重大工程实施紧急处置提供及时火山预警服务的实际意义。     

川中红层水理特性及对无砟轨道变形影响机制分析

针对川中红层易引起无砟轨道上拱变形的问题,开展了川中红层泥岩膨胀特性、水理特性试验研究,在掌握川中红层泥岩膨胀、渗透特性的基础上,结合实际工程进行上拱变形病害区水文环境调查、原位抽水试验以及现场监测,揭示了川中红层的赋存水环境及其运移特征,即川中红层为相对隔水层,所夹节理裂隙及与砂岩界面是其与外界水力联系的主要形式,水力联系通道都是局部、随机分布的,且与自然降雨联系不紧密,赋存水多以透镜体形式存在。在上述特征地层中深挖无砟轨道路基,形成卸荷红层风化裂隙带的同时,改变了原有随机分布的水力联系通道,使得天然状态下相对隔水基底弱风化泥岩与外界建立新的水力联系,膨胀性红层泥岩遇水后膨胀是导致无砟轨道路基持续上拱的内在机制。     

北京市地面沉降中心区综合防控体系构建研究

从地面沉降综合防控角度出发,借鉴国内外地面沉降综合防控实践经验,分析了目前北京市地面沉降防控遭遇的困境。在此基础上,阐述了构建北京市地面沉降中心区综合防控体系的重大意义、原则以及思路,并结合北京市地面沉降发育特点,给出了综合防控体系的具体范围。最后,从制定性措施(管长远)、管理性措施(管近期)和技术性措施(管创新)等三个维度进行具体防控工作部署,共同形成了地面沉降中心区综合防控体系。该体系以期为地面沉降差异性防控和水资源管理,提供决策依据和技术支持,有效缓解地面沉降快速发展的态势,为首都北京提供地质环境安全保障。     

Ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from the Permian strata in the Bengbatu area (Inner Mongolia) and tectonic implications

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was built up through protracted accretion and collision of a variety of terranes/micro-continents during Neoproterozoic–Mesozoic time. To understand potential links among Paleozoic subduction and accretionary processes that were operative during the development of the southeastern CAOB, we conducted a combined U-Pb and Hf-isotope analysis of detrital zircons from previously defined Devonian, Carboniferous and Early Permian strata in the Bengbatu area, Inner Mongolia. Detrital zircons from (meta-) sandstones in these strata commonly yield major Paleozoic age populations at ca. 300–261 Ma, 351–300 Ma and 517–419 Ma, and also give several Precambrian ages that range from 2687 Ma to 544 Ma. The youngest ages redefine the deposition of all these strata to be in the Middle Permian (Wordian–Capitanian) or later, much younger than previously considered. These ages, coupled with regional magmatic records, support an interpretation of most surrounding areas as possible detritus sources, including the Mongolian arcs to the north, the Northern Accretionary Orogen to the south, and the intervening Erenhot–Hegenshan Ophiolite Belt. Zircons with magmatic ages of ca. 500–350 Ma and ca. 300–261 Ma display a large range of ε_Hf(t) values (?13.97 to +15.31), whereas ca. 350–300 Ma zircons are dominated by positive ε_Hf(t) values (+0.14 to +16.00). These results support the occurrence of two significant shifts of the zircon ε_Hf(t) values, which has tectonic implications for the understanding of the Carboniferous–Permian evolution of the southeastern CAOB. A marked shift from mixed to positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values at 350–330 Ma likely manifests the incipient opening of the Hegenshan Ocean, due to the slab rollback of the subducting Paleo-Asian Oceanic lithosphere. Another shift from positive to mixed zircon ε_Hf(t) values at ca. 300 Ma likely corresponds to a tectonic switch from syn-orogenic subduction-related to post-orogenic extensional setting, genetically related to the tectonic collapse of a formerly overthickened crust.     

Oligocene subduction-related plutonism in the Nodoushan area,Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt: Petrogenetic constraints from U–Pb zircon geochronology and isotope geochemistry

Geochemical data and Sr–Nd isotopes of the host rocks and magmatic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) collected from the Oligocene Nodoushan Plutonic Complex (NPC) in the central part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB) were studied in order to better understand the magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the UDMB. New U–Pb zircon ages reveal that the NPC was assembled incrementally over ca. 5 m.y., during two main episodes at 30.52 ± 0.11 Ma and 30.06 ± 0.10 Ma in the early Oligocene (middle Rupelian) for dioritic and granite intrusives, and at 24.994 ± 0.037 Ma and 24.13 ± 0.19 Ma in the late Oligocene (latest Chattian) for granodioritic and diorite porphyry units, respectively. The spherical to ellipsoidal enclaves are composed of diorite to monzodiorite and minor gabbroic diorite (SiO₂ = 47.73–57.36 wt.%; Mg# = 42.15–53.04); the host intrusions are mainly granite, granodiorite and diorite porphyry (SiO₂ = 56.51–72.35 wt.%; Mg# = 26.29–50.86). All the samples used in this study have similar geochemical features, including enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to high field strength elements (HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). These features, combined with a relative depletion in Nb, Ta, Ti and P, are characteristic of subduction-related magmas. Isotopic data for the host rocks display I_Sr = 0.705045–0.707959, ε_Nd(t) = −3.23 to +3.80, and the Nd model ages (T_DM) vary from 0.58 Ga to 1.37 Ga. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with I_Sr ranging from 0.705513 to 0.707275 and ε_Nd(t) from −1.46 to 4.62. The MMEs have T_DM ranging from 0.49 Ga to 1.39 Ga. Geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks demonstrate that the enclaves have mixed origins and were most probably formed by interactions between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical data, in combination with geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma was derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), presumably triggered by the influx of the hot asthenosphere. This magma then interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on Sr–Nd isotope data indicate that ∼50% to 90% of the lower crust-derived melt and ∼10% to 50% of the mantle-derived mafic magma were involved in the genesis of the early Oligocene magmas. In contrast, ∼45%–65% of the mantle-derived mafic magma were incorporated into the lower crust-derived magma (∼35%–55%) that generated the late Oligocene hybrid granitoid rocks. Early Oligocene granitoid rocks contain a higher proportion of crustal material compared to those that formed in the late Oligocene. It is reasonable to assume that lower crust and mantle interaction processes played a significant role in the genesis of these hybridgranitoid bodies, where melts undergoing fractional crystallization along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation could ascend to shallower crustal levels and generate a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite.     

东营凹陷盐底辟作用与中央隆起带断裂构造成因

华北渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷的东营凹陷中央隆起带同生断层非常发育,断层数量较多。主干正断层的下降盘上形成“逆牵引”构造,组成“负花状”地堑断裂系。这些断裂系将中央隆起带分割为一系列小断块。本文将这些断裂系和相关的小断块划分为3个构造,分别称为辛镇、东营和郝家—现河庄(简称郝—现)构造。研究证明,复杂断裂与断块组合构造主要为盐底辟作用的结果,伴生的逆牵引作用形成“包心状”的复杂断裂构造形态,总体上,东营凹陷中央隆起带构造成因是区域北北西—南南东向伸展作用下局部底辟作用和逆牵引作用共同形成的,而不是走滑成因。据强度,底辟构造可分为低幅度隆起和隐刺穿构造。其形成时期主要为沙河街组三段沉积期开始持续到馆陶组沉积前。底辟物质由盐岩为主的塑性层组成。     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹研究塔里木盆地中部地区的热历史

利用磷灰石裂变径迹反演计算了塔里木中部地区3口井志留纪以来的热历史。研究认为,塔中地区志留纪以来的大地热流变化不大,为56～62mW/m²。志留纪、泥盆纪大地热流较低,约为58mW/m²;石炭纪大地热流略有增高,二叠纪时大地热流可能达到62mW/m²;中生代期间,大地热流逐渐降低,中生代末约为57mW/m²;新生代期间,大地热流略有增高,现今大地热流约为60mW/m²。塔中地区的热历史与其构造演化史密切相关。     

正、副角闪岩判别标志的新认识--赣中前寒武纪正、副角闪岩的矿物-岩石地球化学特征对比研究

通过对赣中相山地区前寒武纪正、副角闪岩矿物学、岩石-地球化学特征系统对比研究,得出角闪岩成因判别标志的几点新认识:①提出了识别正、副角闪岩的角闪石矿物学标志;②阐明了区分正、副角闪岩的稀土元素地球化学特征;③对角闪岩微量元素地球化学特征提出采用模糊聚类分析与蛛网图相结合进行成因判别的有效方法;④提出综合应用15种元素对的比值(Ti/V,Ce/Yb,La/Yb,Th/Yb,La/Sm,La/Nb,Ce/Y,Rb/Sr,Nb/Y,Sm/Nd,Sr/Y,Sr/Ba,Zr/Y,Ti/Zr,Ti/Y)作为判别角闪岩成因的标志.     

新疆北部哈纳斯盆地火山岩地球化学特征、锆石 U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

哈纳斯火山沉积盆地位于新疆阿尔泰造山带北部,盆地内的火山岩是一套钙碱性的中酸性岩石 ,为安山岩英安岩流纹岩组合.微量元素分析表明,哈纳斯火山岩大体上富集 Rb、 Sr、 Th和 La等大离子亲石元素,而亏损 Zr、 Y、 Ti、 Nb和 Ta等高场强元素,并呈现相似的轻稀土元素中等富集的分布模式,表现出典型弧火山岩的特征. FeO、 MgO、 CaO、 Al2O3、 TiO2等主元素和 Sr、 Ni、 Cr、 Co等微量元素的含量与 SiO2含量呈明显的线性相关关系,表明该区火山岩可能是同源岩浆分异的产物,岩石形成于活动大陆边缘的构造环境,并由遭受消减板块流体交代的富集地幔楔部分熔融而形成.英安岩单颗粒锆石 U-Pb年龄为 (474.5± 4.7) Ma,与中-晚奥陶世地层年代相吻合.在这一时期新疆北部存在古亚洲洋,并向北部西伯利亚板块俯冲,形成了以哈纳斯火山沉积盆地为代表的陆缘火山弧,这类陆缘火山弧是早古生代的中亚造山带典型的侧向大陆增生弧.     

Statistical Analysis of Landslide Events in Central America and their Run-out Distance

Statistical analyses of landslide deposits from similar areas provide information on dynamics and rheology, and are the basis for empirical relationships for the prediction of future events. In Central America landslides represent an important threat in both volcanic and non-volcanic areas. Data, mainly from 348 landslides in Nicaragua, and 19 in other Central American countries have been analyzed to describe landslide characteristics and to search for possible correlations and empirical relationships. The mobility of a landslide, expressed as the ratio between height of fall (H) and run-out distance (L) as a function of the volume and height of fall; and the relationship between the height of fall and run-out distance were studied for rock falls, slides, debris flows and debris avalanches. The data show differences in run-out distance and landslide mobility among different types of landslides and between debris flows in volcanic and non-volcanic areas. The new Central American data add to and seem consistent with data published from other regions. Studies combining field observations and empirical relationships with laboratory studies and numerical simulations will help in the development of more reliable empirical equations for the prediction of landslide run-out, with applications to hazard zonation and design of optimal risk mitigation measures.