黔中地区多期构造演化、差异变形与油气保存条件

黔中地区构造演化经历了基底、原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯等四大旋回,进一步划分为早期裂谷(前南华纪)、台地-被动大陆边缘(南华纪-志留纪)、台地-陆内裂谷(泥盆纪-二叠纪)、稳定台地(早、中三叠世)、陆相断陷(晚三叠世-古近纪)和断褶隆升(新近纪-第四纪)等6个阶段.控制黔中地区构造-沉积格局的关键构造变革期为都匀运动、广西运动、印支中期运动、燕山晚期运动和喜马拉雅运动.黔中地区差异构造变形特征十分明显,自东往西可以划分为4个构造带,即雪峰构造带、麻江-凯里构造带、黔中构造带和黔西北构造带等.受NW-WNW向展布的构造转换带控制,黔中地区在南北方向上具有构造分段性特征.黔中地区具有盖层多样性特征,主要发育3类盖层,即盐岩、泥页岩和致密碳酸盐岩.盐岩类盖层分布局限.构成区域性封盖条件的泥页岩主要分布在下寒武统(牛蹄塘组和金顶山组)和中下志留统(翁项群),分布较稳定.致密碳酸盐岩盖层可能以下寒武统清虚洞组灰岩和泥灰岩最为有利.     

西藏羌塘盆地中部发现中高级变质岩

羌塘盆地至今没有片麻岩系基岩点住的报道。长期以来关于该盆地是否具有前古生代的结晶基底分歧较大。最近在羌塘盆地中央隆起带北缘兰新岭附近的俄久卖一带找到了具有中-深变质特征的片麻岩．追索确定片麻岩系沿逆冲断裂带出露,基岩出露宽度为50-200m,断续延伸长约4km。岩相学研究结果显示,片麻岩中含有典型的区域变质矿物矽线石和蓝晶石,结合附近发现的奥陶系仅经历了浅变质作用和新近的地球物理资料揭示盆地内可能有结晶基底。初步认为俄久卖片麻岩系为羌塘盆地的前奥陶系结晶基底岩片。羌塘盆地深部具有稳定的结晶基底。     

A sedimentary facies model for stepped,fluvial tufa systems in the Iberian Range (Spain): the Quaternary Piedra and Mesa valleys

Stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of the Quaternary tufa and associated deposits in the Piedra and Mesa river valleys allowed a number of stages of their sedimentary evolution to be characterized, and a depositional sedimentary model for this north‐central sector of the Iberian Range (Spain) to be established. The proposed sedimentary facies model may explain tufa arrangements in other medium to high gradient, stepped, fluvial tufa systems with narrow transverse profiles occurring in temperate, semi‐arid areas, in both recent and past scenarios. There are several tufa deposits within the Piedra and Mesa river valleys that, over a maximum thickness of about 90 m, record one or more stages of tufa deposition produced following the fluvial incision of the bedrock or previous tufa deposits. Each depositional stage begins with coarse detrital sedimentation. Six fundamental, vertical sequences of tufa facies with small amounts of detrital material reveal the sedimentary processes that occurred in different fluvial environments: channel areas with: (i) free‐flowing water; (ii) barrages and/or cascades; and (iii) dammed water and palustrine floodplains. The proposed sedimentary model involves narrow, stepped, fluvial valleys in which tufa cascades were common. Alternating intervals of bryophyte and stromatolite facies commonly formed at some cascades. Many of these represented barrage‐cascade structures that consisted of phytoclast rudstones, thick phytoherms of mosses and associated stromatolites, and curtain‐shaped phytoherms of stems. Upstream of these structures, dammed areas with bioclastic sands and silts developed and palustrine vegetation grew. The channel stretches between barrages and/or cascades were loci for extensive stromatolite growth in fast flowing water. The palustrine floodplain was home to pools and drainage channels. The model also explains the growth of some barrages in the River Piedra that surpassed the height of the divide, with the diffluence of the main channel into a secondary course forming other tufa deposits in the area. The distribution and abundance of certain types of tufa facies in fluvial basins may be an indicator of differences in their gradients. The facies studied in this work suggest that the gradient of the ancient River Piedra was steeper than that of the ancient River Mesa. Assuming similar scenarios for climate and hydrology, the depositional settings mentioned above and their dimensions would have been determined mainly by the gradient and width of the associated river valleys. This sedimentary model may also be useful for inferring variations in other river basin slopes, as well as accounting for the presence of tufas in areas that normally have no permanent water input.     

滇中昆阳群刺穿构造形成机制研究

从昆阳群内刺穿构造时、究分布特征出发，详细研究刺穿体边界特征及其性质，体内物质组成与结构、构造和变质变形特点。分析地质高孔隙流体作用在刺穿构造发生和成长中的地位和作用，提出地层高孔隙流体压力的波动和局部作用是导致刺穿的重要因素，逆冲推覆断裂作用应是继因民组地层岩石水力破裂、破裂作用之后所发生。昆阳群刺穿构造经历了本区地壳岩石圈由拉张体制下的张性破裂、断裂（刺穿）过程向挤压体制下的缩短、增厚过程的转化演化。最后，建立了刺穿构造形成的构造物理过程演化模型。     

中亚造山带东段古元古代结晶基底:来自中蒙边境花岗岩和沉积地层的证据

中亚造山带东段多个地块内鲜有古老结晶基底物质报道,严重制约了我们对其早期属性的认识。本研究在内蒙古北部与蒙古国接壤的乌力吉特敖包地区,发现了被中下泥盆统泥鳅河组不整合覆盖的古元古代细粒二长花岗岩和沉积地层(乌兰敖包组)。对二长花岗岩开展的LA-ICM-MS锆石U-Pb定年显示其结晶年龄为(1686±10) Ma,说明形成于古元古代。乌力吉特敖包二长花岗岩高钾钙碱性,过铝质(A/CNK=1.08～1.11),且含有大量白云母,属S-型花岗岩。不同于常见的显生宙以来的S-型花岗岩,乌力吉特敖包古元古代花岗岩具有正的εHf(t)值(+2.9～+6.7),但εHf(t)值远低于1.7 Ga地壳演化趋势线,且锆石原位Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄为2.0～2.3 Ga,因此其应该来源于古老变泥质岩部分熔融。乌力吉特敖包古元古代花岗岩形成于陆陆同碰撞的构造环境。在古元古代乌兰敖包组变质泥岩获得了一个显著的碎屑锆石峰值年龄(1698 Ma),且该地层被元古宙花岗岩侵入。本研究发现的乌力吉特敖包古元古代末期花岗岩和乌兰敖包组沉积地层说明:中亚造山带东缘各地块内存在古老的结晶基底物质。这为我们认识这些地块早期演化历史提供了重要地质证据。     

中亚地区现代表土磁学特征及其古环境意义*

在中国西北地区主要沙漠、绿洲和戈壁及蒙古国南部戈壁等亚洲中部粉尘源区采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,系统分析了样品的磁学性质(包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线)。结果表明,中亚地区表土样品中主要磁性矿物是铁磁矿,含有赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并伴有少量顺磁性矿物;磁性矿物粒度主要是准单畴(PSD)和多畴(MD),超顺磁性颗粒含量较低,接近于中国西部黄土地层含量。中亚地区表土磁性矿物含量总体都较低,磁性矿物含量在空间上与降雨量成正比。研究结果指示西部地区(准噶尔盆地和南部塔里木盆地)表土样品较北部地区(鄂尔多斯高原、阿拉善高原以及蒙古高原)表土样品,其粗颗粒磁性矿物含量高,而细颗粒磁性矿物含量低。本研究结果为黄土地层古土壤磁性增强源自成土过程提供了最直接的证据。     

湖南中部早石炭世腕足动物组合及几个问题的讨论

对湘中下石炭统腕足动物群的系统研究表明,该地区的腕足动物群自下而上可划分为6个组合带;1.“plicatifera” tenuiplicaia Hou Ass.（Lower Toumaisian）,2.Unispiri-fer tournaicensis（Kon.）—Eochoristites alatus（Ching）Ass.（Middle Tournaisian）; 3．Finosp-irifer shaoyangensis（Ozaki）—Marginatia vaughani（Muir--Wood）Ass.（Upper Tournasian）;4.（?）itiliproductus groberi（Kren.）——Pugilis hunanensis（Ozaki）Ass.（Lower Visean）;5.Para-kansuella subrhomboidea Sp·nov.——Kansuella——Gigantoproductus maximus （M’coy）Ass．（UpperVisean）;6.Latiproductus latissimus（Sow.）—Gigantoproductus edelburgensis（Phillips）Ass.（Lower Namurian or Serpukhovian）.这些腕足动物大部分是特提斯区广泛分布的属种,能够与西欧,苏联等地的同时期动物群进行很好的对比.对邵东组腕足动物的研究表明,该组的地质时代属晚泥盆世末期.其所产腕足动物能很好地与西欧及苏联同期地层的腕足动物比较.研究表明,在湘中杜内与维宪阶的生物地层界线,根据腕足动物,应置于Finospirifer-marginatia动物群和Delepinea subcarinata—Megachonetes zimmermanni组合带之间,而不是过去认为的Eochoristives—Martiniella动     

川东北石笋记录的GIS4～5夏季风气候变化及与高纬气候的联系

对采自川东北仙人洞的石笋XR025进行了高精度230Th定年和高分辨率氧-碳同位素分析,重建了该地区33～ 28ka B.P.高分辨率夏季风气候变化历史.结果发现,XR025清晰地记录GIS4,GIS4.1和GIS5等温暖事件以及H3这一寒冷事件,这些事件的发生时间与格陵兰冰芯和我国其他石笋记录基本一致.但XR025记录的GIS4.1事件的强度明显比GIS4事件弱,这与格陵兰冰芯和葫芦洞石笋记录一致,但与我国其他一些石笋记录存在差异.在从H3向GIS4的转化中,XR025记录了夏季风逐渐增强的过程,这与格陵兰冰芯和我国其他石笋记录均存在明显差异,但与南极温度变化相似,可能受到了南极温度变化的影响.因此,南北半球高纬度地区温度变化可能在33～28ka B.P.对我国中部地区的夏季风气候变化产生了重要影响.     

Lithium isotopic composition of Central American Volcanic Arc lavas: implications for modification of subarc mantle by slab-derived fluids

Li contents and isotopic compositions were determined for a suite of well-characterized basaltic lavas from the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA). Variable Li/Y (0.2–0.5), Li/Sc (0.1–0.4), and δ⁶Li values (+2.6 to −7.7‰) attest to significant compositional heterogeneity in the subarc mantle. Within specific arc segments, these parameters correlate strongly with each other and with a number of other constituents (e.g., K, Rb, Ba, B/La, ¹⁰Be/⁹Be, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, U/Ce, and ²³⁰Th/²³²Th, among others); these correlations are particularly strong for Nicaragua samples. Coupling of this particular set of constituents is best explained in terms of addition of ‘subduction components' to the subarc mantle. Moreover, their selective enrichment with respect to relatively fluid-immobile incompatible elements signifies the dominance of fluid vs. silicate melt transport of slab components to the subarc mantle. Several interesting nuances are revealed by the Li data. First, although Li and B are strongly correlated in both Costa Rica and Nicaragua, there are systematic along-strike variations in Li/B that are consistent with these elements having different ‘fluid release patterns' from subducted slab segments. For example, Li/B is highest in Costa Rica where auxiliary evidence indicates higher subduction zone temperatures; apparently B is preferentially depleted and Li retained in the slab under warmer conditions. The same relations are reflected in Li/¹⁰Be and other subduction tracer systematics, all of which point to larger subduction contributions below Nicaragua. Yet, even Nicaragua lavas vary widely in levels of subduction enrichment. High-Ti basalts from Nejapa are the least enriched and have the highest δ⁶Li (1.4 to 2.6‰); these values are greater than in fresh MORB (ca. −4‰) and are not easily explained by additions of subducted Li because most oceanic crustal rocks and marine sediments have lower δ⁶Li than MORB (with typical values between −8 and −20‰). Thus, it appears the Nejapa data may be representative of isotopically light mantle domains. Relatively light δ⁶Li values in an undepleted spinel lherzolite (+11.3‰) from Zabargad Is. (Red Sea) and in primitive backarc basalts (−1.6 to −0.5‰) from Lau Basin support this conclusion. Considering representative fluid and mantle endmember compositions, the CAVA data are consistent with limited (up to a few percent) additions of slab-derived fluids to a heterogeneous mantle containing variably depleted and enriched domains to form the respective magma sources. In our view, the subarc mantle is heterogeneous on a small scale, but some arc sectors clearly received greater slab inputs than others.     

Silicification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain

Cauliflower-shaped nodules are widespread in a single red mudstone bed in the Buntsandstein (Triassic) facies of the Iberian Range. They consist mostly of quartz, dolomite and calcite, but other minerals, such as barite, kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides, are also present. The nodules are spherical, ovoid or elongate in shape and range from 1 to 8 cm across. The surface of the nodules is irregular, and some show a pedogenic coating of microspar. The sedimentological and petrographic data suggest that the initial anhydrite nodules formed through a progressive increase in the porewater concentration of Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2– in a vadose environment, occasionally under the influence of pedogenic processes. Partial replacement of the anhydrite by megaquartz occurred under more dilute conditions in the same type of setting, as indicated by the presence of organic filaments on the quartz crystal surfaces. In type A nodules, the dissolution of the innermost anhydrite was complete, and different types of quartz cement filled the porosity. Fracturing and meteoric cementation by calcite and minor amounts of kaolinite were the latest processes affecting these nodules. In type B nodules, the dissolution of the anhydrite was incomplete, inhibiting quartz cementation and enabling later dolomitization of the anhydrite. Dolomitization appears to have been driven by sulphate reduction, as indicated by the presence of bacterial bodies within the dolomite crystals. Dedolomitization and precipitation of barite, kaolinite and calcite spar cements occurred later under the influence of meteoric solutions. The nodules may mark the former locations of the water table and provide evidence for an episode of highly evaporitic conditions throughout wide areas of the basin. Their occurrence reveals not only a complex diagenetic history but is also indicative of palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions.