潮汐作用下的滨海浅层地下水水质变化

利用雷州半岛东部滨海浅层地下水的逐时采样数据,分析潮汐作用下该区浅层地下水水质变化特征,结果表明：1）研究区地下水中主要离子均以Na⁺和Cl^-为主,K⁺和 CO₃ ^2-的质量浓度则低至可以忽略。其中,东海岛地下水水质较为稳定,各离子不具有明显的相关性,而南渡河和新寮地下水中各离子的变化具有准同步特征。2）南渡河地下水对于土壤的平均碱化危害程度最低,其次是东海岛,新寮地下水对于土壤的平均碱化危害程度最高,且大潮期尤甚。东海岛地下水对土壤的碱化危害程度随潮汐变化不大;南渡河和新寮则表现出大潮期地下水的土壤碱化危害程度大于小潮期的特点,意味着潮动力的增强导致海水入侵强度变大,进而加剧了地下水对土壤的碱化危害。3）就地下水受海水入侵强度而言,东海岛的平均受侵强度最大,但随潮动力变化不大,危害具有常态化特征;新寮地下水大潮期受海水入侵的最大强度高于东海岛,但平均危害则小于后者;南渡河受海水入侵程度最低,部分时段不存在海水入侵情况。4）各监测井地下水中Na⁺和Cl^-具有同源性,是溶解性固体总量（TDS）的主要成分,也是引起TDS 变化的主要原因。就TDS 变化的剧烈程度而言,南渡河的水质波动最为显著,其次是新寮,东海岛水质维持在稳定的水平。5）南渡河和新寮可以通过监测地下水电导率的长期变化间接实现对水体矿化度及Na⁺和Cl^-的长期监测;东海岛则不适合做精确的点监测,但可以考虑进行区间监测。     

哈萨克斯坦Tramplin剖面孢粉记录的MIS3a环境变化

利用AMS ¹⁴C测年,通过对哈萨克斯坦南部Tramplin黄土-古土壤沉积剖面的孢粉分析,揭示了中亚干旱区深海氧同位素(MIS)3a阶段植被和气候演化历史：41.4 ka B.P.以前,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,气候干旱; 41.4～40  ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度增加;40～36  ka B.P.,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,气候湿润程度轻微下降;36～33  ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度增加;33～30  ka B.P.,植被为蒿属植物占优势的荒漠草原,湿润程度轻微下降;30～28 ka B.P.,植被为蒿草草原,气候湿润程度轻微上升。     

基于GIS的侵蚀冲沟与地貌因子的关系

冲沟是多种外力作用的结果,展示为多种地貌现象。选择胶东半岛北岩子口小流域作为研究对象,以正射影像（DOM）和数字高程模型（DEM）为数据源,选择土地利用、地形湿度指数、坡度坡长因子、水流动力指数、坡向、平面曲率和地表粗糙度等7个地貌因子,计算小流域土壤侵蚀敏感性,研究侵蚀冲沟与地貌因子的关系。结果表明:冲沟多发生在坡度坡长较大、水流动力强、地表湿度较低的林草地区域,多分布在阳坡的凹面;冲沟大多分布在土壤侵蚀中等敏感性及以上的区域,约占总冲沟的96.4%;在土壤侵蚀中等敏感性及以上区域,实验权重值对验证区冲沟分布的响应精度为87.9%,与实际值93.3%相差较小,精度较高。研究结果可为区域内冲沟侵蚀的评价提供一定科学依据。     

中亚五国咸海流域水资源策略的博弈分析

中亚五国在咸海流域水资源分配与利用上的矛盾,随着社会经济发展对水资源需求的增加而变得日益突出,探寻各国对咸海流域水资源利用的策略,对中亚地区水资源合理分配、可持续发展和地区安全至关重要。运用博弈论方法,分析中亚各国对咸海流域水资源的分配诉求及水政策,梳理各国在咸海流域水资源问题上的合作历程,探讨中亚各国在水资源问题上采取不同策略的利弊得失。认为目前咸海流域利益得不到协调使中亚各国深陷水资源分配困局,“协调博弈”是当前令咸海流域水资源问题走出“囚徒困境”的首选,将会获得最佳报酬。各国相互信任、转变观念,以利益分配取代水量分配,实现真正意义上的国家间合作,才能从根本上解决流域水资源分配与利用的困局。     

雷州半岛近岸海域水环境质量综合评价

采用单因子指数法、富营养化指数法和模糊综合评价法定量评价雷州半岛西岸海域水体环境质量,分析其影响因素,并提出污染防治对策。结果表明：（1）表层海水中的石油类和PO4-P两项评价指标严重超标,超标率达100%;部分站位的pH、Cr6等指标存在着超标现象。（2）除站位HND5外,海域水质均处于低贫营养化水平,且西南部海域水质富营养化程度小于东北部海域,部分站位PO4-P含量超出第三类水质,存在一定的污染危险。（3）从水质排序看,西部海域水环境质量高于东部海域。模糊隶属度高值区出现在乐民港、盐灶、江洪港和蛋场港附近,以及江洪港湾内和蛋场港湾内。（4）表层海水中部分检测项目超标是受近海作业、船舶油污水和上游污染物的影响;近海作业逐年增多,海洋捕捞、海产养殖发展迅猛,造成江洪港附近海域石油类、PO4-P和部分重金属超标严重;乐民港及盐灶附近水质较差可能是由于铁山港的污染物顺流而下所致。     

Distributing the bigeye conservation burden in the western and central pacific fisheries

The Western and Central Pacific Ocean is home to the world's most productive tuna fisheries, with the majority of tuna catches occurring inside the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the region's developing coastal States. It is important that these fisheries are managed effectively throughout their range, both within and between EEZs and on the high seas. Unrestrained exploitation in a particular EEZ or on the high seas has the potential to significantly impact on catches elsewhere with potentially devastating consequences for developing coastal States, some of which have few alternate resources. The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) was established in 2004 to manage the region's highly migratory tuna fisheries. However, the WCPFC has since repeatedly failed to adopt conservation and management measures that are sufficient to meet the WCPFC's conservation and sustainable use objectives. This paper analyses catch data from the WCPFC and suggests that the weak position of bigeye (in a strategic political context), the unwillingness of members to compromise their interests and the lack of a transparent framework for distributing the burden of conservation are key factors in the WCPFC's failure to adopt sufficiently strong conservation and management measures.     

雷州半岛南部土壤肥力综合评价及空间变异

通过测定雷州半岛南部845个耕地土壤样品pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮的含量,采用层次分析法确定各肥力评价指标权重,应用模糊数学法对该区域耕地土壤肥力进行综合评价,并利用ArcGIS 9.2软件对土壤肥力空间变异进行分析.结果表明:雷州半岛南部土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮平均值分别为26.18 g/kg、1.48 g/kg 、34.63 mg/kg、158.57 mg/kg、133.17 mg/kg;土壤速效磷的变异系数最高,为103.14%,属强变异性,有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、全氮的变异系数属中等变异性,pH值的变异系数最小.土壤肥力总体水平处于中等偏低;从空间分布来看,土壤肥力中部高,东北、西南部相对较低     

基于生态足迹的中亚区域生态安全评价

利用生态足迹理论与方法,运用生态足迹压力指数模型,对中亚不同区域的生态安全进行了评价。分别测算中亚四国的人均与区域总生态足迹、生态承载力、生态赤字和生态足迹压力指数。最后按照生态足迹压力指数来评价中亚各国生态安全状态。评价结果如下:(1)吉尔吉斯坦14年平均生态赤字为0.0900ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为0.9388,处于稍不安全状态。(2)土库曼斯坦的多年平均生态赤字为0.3303 ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为1.1327;哈萨克斯坦的多年平均生态赤字为0.8379 ha/capita,平均生态足迹压力指数为1.2320,都处于较不安全状态 。(3)乌兹别克斯坦的区域总承载力由1994年的28807119ha下降到2005年的28527138ha,而区域总生态足迹有所增加,即从44598092ha增加到51761368ha;多年平均生态赤字为0.8181 ha/capita;平均生态足迹压力指数为1.7540,处于相对很不安全状态。根据计算结果,中亚4国的多年平均生态安全都处于不安全状态,但不安全程度有所差别,吉尔吉斯坦的生态安全处于相对较好状态,其次为土库曼斯坦,哈萨克斯坦;乌兹别克斯坦的生态安全相对其他中亚国家而言处于相对很不安全状态。     

Land use/cover changes in the war-ravaged Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka, 1984–early 2004

Temporal and spatial information on land use/cover is a prerequisite for effective planning decisions in the context of social and economic development. Satellite remote sensing data have become increasingly important in the study of land use/cover changes. This paper uses multitemporal satellite data to measure and spatially characterize land use/cover changes in the Jaffna Peninsula, northern Sri Lanka over the two decades from 1984 to early 2004 in terms of potential drivers. Over this period, the Jaffna Peninsula has been impacted severely by armed conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. A postclassification method is used to compare land use/cover classes from satellite images using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the spatial pattern of land use/cover changes over the study period. Results indicate that the land use/cover pattern has been very dynamic since early the 1980s, showing a remarkable decrease in agricultural land use and concomitant increase in non-agricultural land uses. The ethnic conflict and its consequences, particularly large-scale population migrations, have been the main driving forces for such land use/cover changes in the Jaffna Peninsula. The results of this study are not only important in aiding efforts to reconstruct this area after decades of physical and socioeconomic devastation, but should also prompt similarly urgent studies in other inaccessible war-torn areas of the world.     

Tectonic influences on the Quaternary drainage evolution on the north-western margin of the French Central Massif: The Creuse valley example

This work examines the links between tectonics and fluvial dynamics on the north-western margin of the French Central Massif. Geomorphological and sedimentological analyses of detrital deposits were carried out as the basis for correlating the different formations, and for reconstructing the palaeodrainage in the Creuse basin. Cross-sections of the valleys, longitudinal profiles of terraces and glacis indicate post-depositional deformation of about 50 m amplitude: uplift north and south of Guéret and in the Éguzon district. These deformations are related to the Central Massif uplift of 50 m above the Paris Basin since 1.1 Ma (OIS 32). The Creuse incision varies from 140 m in the Crozant anticline to 60 m in the Paris Basin. An Upper Pliocene palaeochannel located on the Sédelle–Ardentes–Issoudun lineament is evidenced by andalusite coming from the Fougères unit. The reactivation of the transverse faults between Le Pin and Le Menoux has distorted the middle terraces. The main knick points are mainly due to tectonics and have been persistent in the landscape since the Upper Pliocene. Their recession rate is controlled both by discharge and lithology. Tributary streams exhibit strong convexities, indicating that the erosional response to Pliocene uplift has not yet propagated into upland surfaces.