Geological development of Heard Island,Central Kerguelen Plateau

We report ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar laser step-heating age determinations on 15 stratigraphically controlled lava flows and intrusive rocks from Heard Island, Central Kerguelen Plateau (Indian Ocean). The island history began with uplift of pelagic limestone intruded by 22 Ma gabbro sills. Subaerial and wave erosion levelled the early island, producing an unconformity onto which pillow lavas, tuffaceous sediments and shallow-water, fossiliferous marine siltstone (Drygalski Formation) were deposited, beginning in late Miocene time. Two volcanic systems then formed in the late Quaternary. Big Ben dominates the larger southeast part of the island, while Mount Dixon occupies the northwest Laurens Peninsula. Feeder dykes and the early lava flows in both systems are 400–200 ka. Lava flows with evolved compositions (trachytes, trachyandesites) erupted 100–20 ka. Well-preserved parasitic cones exposed at low elevations are 15–10 ka and younger. Mawson Peak, near the summit of Big Ben, has erupted lava flows as recently as 2007. Heard Island, and nearby active McDonald Island, are subaerial features of a larger Neogene volcanic region of Central Kerguelen Plateau that includes several large sea knolls and recently identified submarine fields of small cones. This broadly distributed volcanic activity is linked to incubation of plume material at the base of the nearly stationary overlying Central Kerguelen Plateau.     

Phase transition of the Pacific decadal oscillation and decadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon in the 20th century

This paper focuses on the relationship between the phase transition of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and decadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in the twentieth century. The first transition occurred in the 1940s, with an enhanced SST in the North Pacific and reduced SST in the tropical eastern Pacific and South Indian Ocean. In agreement with these SST changes, a higher SLP was found in most parts of the Pacific, while a lower SLP was found in the North Pacific and most parts of the Indian Ocean. In this case, the EASM was largely enhanced with a southerly anomaly in the lower troposphere along the east coast of China. Correspondingly, there was less rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and more rainfall in northern and southern China. An opposite change was found when the PDO reversed its phase in the late 1970s. In the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific, however, the SST was enhanced in both the 1940s and 1970s. As a result, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) tended to extend westward with a larger magnitude in the 1970s. The major features were reasonably reproduced by an atmospheric general circulation model (IAP AGCM4.0) prescribed with observed SST and sea ice. On the other hand, the westward extension of the WPSH was exaggerated in the 1970s, while it was underestimated in the 1940s. Besides, the spatial pattern of the simulated summer rainfall in eastern China tended to shift southward compared with the observation.     

中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风和大气湿度的关系

利用1961-2013年中国地面台站长期观测资料和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以华北、江淮和华南为研究区,分析了中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风以及大气湿度的关系。结果表明:(1)冬季霾日与东亚冬季风强度成显著的负相关。首先,东亚冬季风强度的减弱使得地面风速减小,进而导致冬季霾日增多。其中,华北7-8 m/s最大风速日数和江淮6-8 m/s最大风速日数的减少,及华南≤2 m/s最大风速日数的增多对各区冬季霾日的增多作用较大。其次,东亚冬季风减弱引起冬季气温的持续升高,易导致冬季霾日的增多,这在华北地区较之在江淮和华南更为明显。(2)由于气候变暖,冬季气温升高,使得近地面相对湿度减小。在江淮和华南地区,冬季霾日的增多与近地面相对湿度的减小显著相关,而在华北地区这种相关较弱。(3)冬季气温升高也有利于大气层结稳定度的增强,3个区域冬季霾日的增多均与大气层结稳定度的增强显著相关,特别是与对流层中低层(850-500 hPa)大气饱和度的降低显著相关。(4)冬季霾日数变化与区域水汽输送关系密切。其中,华北地区的冬季霾日数与水汽总收入成显著正相关,江淮地区与纬向水汽收入成显著正相关,与经向水汽收入成显著负相关,华南地区与经向水汽收入成显著负相关。     

西藏夏季降水的季节内变化特征及其影响系统

利用西藏地区1980-2013年夏季降水量资料、NCEP再分析资料等,分析了西藏地区夏季降水主模态季节内变化特征,尤其是盛夏7和8月降水异常对应的大尺度环流特征和影响系统。结果表明:西藏夏季降水存在明显的季节内变化,6和7月降水主模态的时间系数变化具有较好的持续性,而7和8月降水主模态的时间系数的相关关系明显减弱。西藏地区7和8月降水偏多年,西藏地区上游低层纬向风场均呈西风异常,但是水汽来源有差异;同时欧亚中高纬地区对流层中高层环流存在显著差异。西藏7月降水与南亚高压强度存在显著负相关关系,南亚高压偏强/弱时,降水偏少/多。西藏8月降水与南亚高压的位置关系更密切,南亚高压偏南/北,降水偏多/少。     

中亚低涡背景下南疆西部两次强冰雹环境场对比分析

利用常规资料、14:00加密探空、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对比分析2013年6月18日和2014年6月23日南疆西部两次强冰雹环境场及物理机制,表明两次冰雹环境场有相同之处:在环流经向度较大的中亚低涡背景下,前期有明显降水,傍晚前后由中亚低涡后部西北气流下产生,高空干冷平流、低层暖湿环境、较大的垂直温度递减率及低层辐合线或切变线为冰雹天气提供了强不稳定层结和动力触发条件,为冷平流强迫类型。但两次冰雹中亚低涡位置、强度、物理机制变化等有所不同:"6·18"中亚低涡压至南疆西部,低涡强,西北风大,而"6·23"中亚低涡在巴尔喀什湖附近,位置偏北,低涡较弱,西北风较小;"6·18"偏西北气流、风(垂直)切变、强回波伸展高度、层结不稳定、水汽及动力等变化均较"6·23"明显偏强;"6·18"的0℃层和-20℃层的高度均比"6·23"的低300~400 m;"6·18"低层南疆盆地偏东风日变化明显,即傍晚到夜间增强,山前东西风辐合促使上升运动发展,并有明显的中尺度垂直环流圈,而"6·23"低层为西北风风速辐合及与偏东风的切变。     

热带印度洋海温海盆一致模的变化规律及其对东亚夏季气候影响的回顾

近十几年,热带印度洋对全球气候的作用越来越受到关注.本文从热带印度洋气候态特征、海温海盆一致模的变化规律以及对东亚夏季气候的影响方面回顾了这些研究工作,并且对这些研究以及存在的不足做了系统的总结.     

青藏高原和亚洲夏季风动力学研究的新进展

亚洲夏季风环流受海陆和伊朗高原—青藏高原大地形的热力作用调控.亚洲季风所释放的巨大潜热又对大气环流形成反馈.这种相互反馈过程十分复杂,揭示其物理过程对理解气候变化格局的形成和变化以及提高天气预报及气候预测的准确率十分重要.夏季北半球副热带对流层上层环流的主要特征是存在庞大的南亚高压(SAH)以及强大的对流层上层温度暖中心(UTTM).本文介绍了温度—加热垂直梯度(T-Q_Z)理论的发展,并用以揭示SAH和UTTM的形成机制.指出沿副热带欧亚大陆东部的季风对流潜热加热及其中西部的表面感热加热和高层长波辐射冷却是导致SAH和UTTM在南亚上空发展的原因.文中还介绍了Gill模型用于上部对流层研究的局限性及解决的办法.     

冬季东亚高空副热带急流和温带急流协同变化与中国南方地区降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和中国台站降水资料研究冬季东亚高空副热带急流和温带急流协同变化特征及其与中国南方地区降水的关系,发现冬季东亚高原急流与温带急流同期反向协同变化特征最为显著。即高原急流增强,同时温带急流减弱(SW型)和高原急流减弱,同时温带急流增强(WS型)。当高原急流增强(减弱)而温带急流减弱(增强)时,中国南方地区降水显著增加(减少)。合成分析表明,不同急流协同变化型态下冷暖空气活动特征存在较大差异,高原急流与温带急流的反向协同变化可以真实反映与冬季中国南方地区降水相关联的冷暖空气活动特征,进而导致不同降水形态的产生。     

7月不同形态南亚高压与北半球大气环流的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均高度场和风场再分析资料,分析了1948—2013年7月南亚高压多中心特征及其与北半球大气环流的关系。结果表明:1)南亚高压存在1至5个中心不等,其中以双中心类和三中心类为主,占总样本数的82%,其次是单中心类,占总样本数的14%,四中心类和五中心类仅占总样本数的3%。2)根据高压中心个数、经向位置和环流特征,将不同类高压分成了不同型,其中单中心类分为Ⅰ1型和Ⅰ2型,分别占该类的44%和56%,双中心类分为Ⅱ1型、Ⅱ2型和Ⅱ3型,分别占该类的66.7%、18.5%和14.8%,三中心类仅考虑了Ⅲ1型,占该类的67%。3)Ⅰ1型高压中心在伊朗高原上空,Ⅰ2型高压中心在青藏高原上空,Ⅱ1型两高压中心分别在伊朗高原和青藏高原上空,Ⅱ2型两高压中心分别在伊朗高原和我国东部西太平洋上空,Ⅱ3型两高压中心分别在青藏高原和我国东部西太平洋上空,Ⅲ1型三个高压中心分别在伊朗高原、青藏高原和我国东部西太平洋上空。4)不同类型的高压中心所在地区高层位势高度场和对流层中上层温度场都表现为显著正异常,且不同区域温度场异常的维持机制不相同。     

Geochemical fractionation of Ni,Cu and Pb in the deep sea sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin: An insight into the mechanism of metal enrichment in sediment

Metal speciation study in combination with major element chemistry of deep sea sediments provided possible metal enrichment pathways in sediments collected from environmentally different locations of Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIB). Metal speciation study suggests that Fe–Mn oxyhydroxide phase was the major binding phase for Ni, Cu and Pb in the sediments. The second highest concentrations of all these metals were present within the structure of the sediments. Easily reducible oxide phase (within the Fe–Mn oxyhydroxide binding phases) was the major host for all the three metals in the studied sediments. Major element chemistry of these sediments revealed that there was an increased tendency of Cu and Ni to get incorporated into the deep sea sediment via the non-terrigenous Mn-oxyhydroxide fraction, whereas, Pb gets incorporated mostly via amorphous Fe-hydroxides into the sediment from the CIB. This is the first attempt to provide an insight into the mechanism of metal enrichment in sediment that host vast manganese nodule.