The scattered disk as a source of Halley-type comets

We investigate a new dynamical mechanism for producing Halley-type comets from the scattered disk of comets. Levison and Duncan [Levison, H., Duncan, M., 1997. Icarus 127, 13-32] and Duncan and Levison [Duncan, M., Levison, H., 1997. Science 276, 1670-1672] showed that a significant number of objects leave the scattered disk by evolving to semi-major axes greater than 1000 AU. We find that once these objects reach semi-major axes on the order of ¹⁰⁴ AU, a significant fraction immediately have their perihelia driven inward by the galactic tides. Approximately 0.01% of the objects that reach ¹⁰⁴ AU then evolve onto orbits similar to the observed Halley-like comets due to gravitational interactions with the giant planets. The orbital element distribution resulting from this process is statistically consistent with observations. We discuss the implications of this model for the number of objects in the scattered disk in the text. The model predicts a temporal variation in the influx of HTCs with a period of ∼118 Myr. At the peak, the model predicts that there should be roughly 10 times as many HTCs as currently observed (i.e., there should be weak HTC showers). However, the model may inflate the importance of these showers because it does not include the effects of passing stars and giant molecular clouds.     

祁连山南坡灌丛草甸生物量变化与水热因子的关系研究

通过野外调研和室内实验,研究了祁连山南坡灌丛草甸地上生物量的生长季变化,并对地上生物量与水热因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：在不同区域群落结构有所不同,覆盖度越低,上层和下层的植物高度越低,丰富度和多样性越小。但均匀度还受草场退化阶段的影响,群落结构相对稳定,植物的均匀度越高;地上生物量的年内变化是单峰曲线,乌鞘岭和门源的地上生物量在7月份最大,祁连和野牛沟的地上生物量在9月份最大;地上生物量的积累与前1月和前2月的气温和降水正相关,与前4月的气温也正相关,并且对气温变化的敏感性大于降水,但与地温和土壤水分的相关性不明显,前1月表层地温较高对地上生物量的积累有积极作用;对于地上生物量积累,日气温、日相对湿度、降水量有直接正向作用,而日最高气温、日最低气温、日水汽压有直接负向作用,5 cm、20 cm地温和0~10 cm、20~30 cm土壤水分也有直接正向作用,而10 cm地温和10~20 cm土壤水分也有直接负向作用。     

地层证据--对大别造山带汇聚历史的制约

大别造山带的汇聚演化历史一直存在不同的认识,来自扬子陆块和华北陆块显生宙以来的地层记录以及北淮阳地区的地层记录可能为两个陆块的汇聚模式提供制约。通过对扬子陆块与华北陆块显生宙以来岩相古地理进行比较,其中3个阶段相似, 2个阶段差别很大。以浊积岩发育作为俯冲阶段的标志,磨拉石建造出现作为闭合的标志,显生宙以来,大别造山带曾经历了两次俯冲和两次汇聚,俯冲时间分别是晚奥陶世—早志留世和早三叠世,汇聚的时间分别为中 晚泥盆世和中三叠世,早期的汇聚具有软碰撞特征,以上认知得到了北淮阳地区地层、古生物和沉积记录的支持,同时也与大别山造山带榴辉岩的同位素年龄数据基本吻合。高压 超高压变质岩在晚三叠世处于快速折返阶段,早侏罗世以前到达地表,其平均折返隆升速率为39～66mm/a。     

EURONEAR—Recovery, follow-up and discovery of NEAs and MBAs using large field 1–2 m telescopes

We report on the follow-up and recovery of 100 program NEAs, PHAs and VIs using the ESO/MPG 2.2 m, Swope 1 m and INT 2.5 m telescopes equipped with large field cameras. The 127 fields observed during 11 nights covered 29 square degrees. Using these data, we present the incidental survey work which includes 558 known MBAs and 628 unknown moving objects mostly consistent with MBAs from which 58 objects became official discoveries. We planned the runs using six criteria and four servers which focus mostly on faint and poorly observed objects in need of confirmation, follow-up and recovery. We followed 62 faint NEAs within one month after discovery and we recovered 10 faint NEAs having big uncertainties at their second or later opposition. Using the INT we eliminated four PHA candidates and VIs. We observed in total 1286 moving objects and we reported more than 10,000 positions. All data were reduced by the members of our network in a team effort, and reported promptly to the MPC. The positions of the program NEAs were published in 27 MPC and MPEC references and used to improve their orbits. The O−C residuals for known MBAs and program NEAs are smallest for the ESO/MPG and Swope and about four times larger for the INT whose field is more distorted. For the astrometric reduction, the UCAC-2 catalog is recommended instead of USNO-B1. The incidental survey allowed us to study statistics of the MBA and NEA populations observable today with 1–2 m facilities. We calculate preliminary orbits for all unknown objects, classifying them as official discoveries, later identifications and unknown outstanding objects. The orbital elements a, e, i calculated by FIND_ORB software for the official discoveries and later identified objects are very similar with the published elements which take into account longer observational arcs; thus preliminary orbits were used in statistics for the whole unknown dataset. We present a basic model which can be used to distinguish between MBAs and potential NEAs in any sky survey. Based on three evaluation methods, most of our unknown objects are consistent with MBAs, while up to 16 unknown objects could represent NEO candidates and four represent our best NEO candidates. We assessed the observability of the unknown MBA and NEA populations using 1 and 2 m surveys. Employing a 1 m facility, one can observe today fewer unknown objects than known MBAs and very few new NEOs. Using a 2 m facility, a slightly larger number of unknown than known asteroids could be detected in the main belt. Between 0.1 and 0.8 new NEO candidates per square degree could be discovered using a 2 m telescope.     

下地壳流变与造山带同挤压期地壳伸展的动力学关系

应用不可压缩非牛顿粘性流体的本构关系,对造山带同挤压期下地壳流变及其与上地壳构造伸展的动力学关系进行了二维有限元数值模拟. 结果表明,在板块侧向挤压下,当造山带山根下陷和地表隆起达一定程度后,地壳不同层圈岩石将发生复杂的粘性流变. 流变的运动学方式和分布范围不仅与时间有关、同时还受地壳厚度转变带形态的制约. 在构造挤压和山体荷载达到弹性平衡状态后,地壳流变首先发生在造山带下地壳山根,但经一定的Maxwell时间后,流变将不断局限于造山带前缘的厚度转变带. 这一流变方式的变化是导致造山带浅部地壳动力学转变的主要原因. 它造成造山带内上地壳最小主应力从近水平挤压不断转化为近水平拉张,由此使造山带前陆发生挤压冲断的同时,山体的核部发生上地壳的拉张伸展. 最后,应用这一结果讨论了青藏高原南缘南北向地壳伸展的动力学性质.     

青海省祁连县大拉洞柏杨沟矿区煤岩层对比研究

通过研究太原组的沉积特征及聚煤变化规律,采用了标志层、煤岩层组合特征、层间距、测井曲线形态等方法,对矿区内煤层、岩层进行了综合对比。确定了该区主要煤层的赋存层位、形态、分布及变化特征,对周边地区找煤工作具有一定的指导作用。     

综合物化探方法在山西东腰庄绿岩带型金矿外围找矿中的应用

山西东腰庄金矿是我国典型的绿岩带型金矿床之一,主要赋存于新太古代五台群鸿门岩组浅色变质绿片岩中,含矿带岩性主要为硅化绢云钠长片岩和绢云钠长片岩,层控特征明显。本次建立了东腰庄金矿床地质-地球物理-地球化学找矿模型,并运用岩石地球化学勘查、电法勘探,在东腰庄金矿外围勘查区圈定化探异常4处、激电异常2处,其中化探1号多元素综合异常与电法异常吻合较好,推测为矿致异常,通过激电测深,推测地质体形态为透镜体,埋深较浅。综合物化探方法利用绿岩带型金矿形成过程中元素迁移带来的原生地球化学异常,以及主要载金矿物-黄铁矿与围岩之间的电性差异,在此次找矿勘查过程中圈定了找矿靶区,取得了较好成效,为下步钻探验证工作提供了依据。     

樟子松固沙林带间植被恢复及其对林草界面作用的响应

调查了海拉尔市巴音岱林场不同分布格局、不同带间距的人工樟子松林带内植被恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,分析了林草界面生态学效应,研究了林草界面对带间植被自然恢复的作用。结果表明,宽的带间距带内物种多样性和生物量变化曲线出现了两个高峰,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰,说明该地区林带之间距离不应小于12 m;当林带之间距离为16~28 m时草本物种多样性出现最大值。植被恢复效果表现为带间距12 m差于带间距24 m,虽然都差于天然植被,但边际效应大大地加速了群落演替的进程。研究区樟子松林草界面边缘效应影响域为20 m, 其小尺度范围内生境异质性也很明显。行带式造林带间距离不应大于40 m,超出边缘效应影响域不利于带间植被恢复。     

哈大高铁对东北城市旅游经济联系的空间影响

基于GIS平台,构建可达性模型分析哈大高铁开通后东北各城市旅游交通网络可达性变化特征,然后通过修正引力模型,从时空压缩效应、高铁旅游带的形成、旅游通勤圈空间分异、加剧旅游极化效应等方面分析哈大高铁对东北各城市间旅游经济联系的影响。结果显示：高铁带来的时空压缩效应大大强化了东北城市的旅游交通可达性和旅游经济联系,整个通勤圈时空压缩2 h左右,提升幅度均呈现距离高铁增加而衰减现象,且省际城市间的变化大于省内城市间的变化,东三省的变化大于内蒙东部区域的变化。沿线城市在高铁开通后将获得更大的旅游发展动能,并加快哈大高铁旅游带的形成。沿线城市“一日游”和“两日游”受益明显,偏远城市则在“七日游”方面受益较多;东北旅游应以高铁为契机,精心开发沿线旅游精品线路,加快旅游一体化合作,打造东北旅游新形象。高铁使旅游市场空间分布上出现“极化效应”,提升旅游产业供求效率的同时,拉大了城市间旅游差距,不利于旅游产业协调性发展。今后应以高铁为核心完善快速交通干线布局,将更多旅游城市和旅游景点纳入高铁通勤圈。     

关于确保甘肃省祁连山生态保护红线落地并严守的科技支撑建议

祁连山是中国西部重要生态安全屏障,是国家重点生态功能区,其生态保护与治理一直受到国家、地方政府和当地居民高度关注。目前,在祁连山的生态保护工作中,缺乏对现状基础数据的全面掌握,区域经济发展与生态环境保护矛盾突出,生态环境综合监测系统不完备,生态补偿机制推进实施缺乏创新。在全面梳理祁连山目前存在的重大生态问题的基础上,提出了祁连山生态保护红线落地并严守的建议,包括加快开展祁连山综合科学考察、完善并落实开展生态补偿机制、探索以正面清单为导向的协调发展模式、促进生态安全与地方经济社会可持续发展相协调、进一步实施重大配套政策、完善保障支撑体系等。